Transcript Introduction

Pre-History
• For 2,000,000 years humans lived in simple
CLANS, practicing:
Transhumance hunting and gathering
30-150 related individuals
“Us vs. Them” mentality
Alpha dominance
• What changed all this ca. 8,000 BCE?
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Agriculture
• Ca. 8,000 BCE:
– Rivers
– Temperate Climate
– Grains
– Draft animals
– POPULATION PRESSURE
Geography
• Geography determines how to feed people
(economics)
• Economics determines how people organize
themselves (society)
• Leaders of Societies create institutions to
control things.
– Religions
– governments
– Social classes
– Etc.
Commonalities Africa and Americas
• Several areas where population pressure
forced people into agriculture and trade
– Africa: Songhai, Benin, Kongo
– Americas: Aztec, Inca, Maya
• These people were forced to create more complex
societies:
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Organized religion
Bureaucracies
Military
Infrastructure
RULERS!!!!
African Empires Pre-Contact
Songhai
Empire ca.
1400
Pre-Contact
groups in the
Western
Hemisphere.
Tenochtitlan
Everywhere Else in the Americas
• Clan based,
Transhumance hunting and gathering
30-150 related individuals
“Us vs. Them” mentality
Alpha dominance
• Or, slowly moving toward tribes,
• And in certain geographic regions, even more
slowly moving toward Confederations.
Introduction
State of Europe
on the verge of
Exploration and Colonization
But FIRST—a few questions
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What constitutes culture?
What constitutes a “civilization”?
Why was Europe so backward in 1200?
What caused it’s sudden leap forward by
1600? (Renaissance, Enlightenment,
Humanism, Scientific Revolution, etc.)
• What caused the “Age of Discovery”?
Causes of Renaissance
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Trade
Arab world ideas
Crusades
End of Black Death plagues
POPULATION PRESSURE
Renaissance (guess the creator/person)
Innovations derived from exploration
 New foodstuffs: coffee, tea, potatoes, tomatoes,
chocolate, squash, maize (yet another increase in
lifespan and population pressure).
• Improvements in shipbuilding, charting, navigation.
• General stimulus to math, chemistry, astronomy,
optics, physics, medicine, etc.
• Further Nation building
• Growth of towns, Middle Class, AND Mercantilism
• Decline of Aristocracy
• Beginning of the end of feudalism
• QUESTIONING OF LONG HELD CONSERVATIVE
BELIEFS
Gutenberg Printing
Press
• 1455 at Mainz, Germany.
Protestant Reformation: 16th century
• Germany, Netherlands,
England
Martin Luther
– Freedom from authority of
Church
– Reading Bible in common
language
– New thought and science were
triggered
– Northern Nations wanted to
take power from the Catholic
Pope.
Calvinist
(Swiss-French)
Protestant
Lutheran
Catholic
(German)
Catholic
Anglican
(English)
Colonies: 1700s
Slave Trade
Spain and It’s colonies--Terms to know
• Encomienda
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Conquistadores
– Cortez and Aztecs
– Pizzaro and Inca
• Mission System
• Presidio
• Black Legend
Treaty of Tordesillas
What’s with all the little rooms?
Pueblo (Popés) Rebellion 1680
England and
It’s Colonies.
REMEMBER:
Colonials ARE
ENGLISHMEN
3 Regions 1607-1700
Region
Economy
Government
Religion
Social Classes
New England
90% subsistence
agriculture.
10% merchants,
fur trapping,
timber,
shipbuilding
Almost a
Puritan: tax
theocracy,
supported
except ministers
could not be
governors @ the
same time.
With 90%
subsistence
farmers there
was limited class
distinction
Middle
Merchants,
artisans,
commercial
agriculture
Very diverse but
mostly elected
officials by
white land
owning males
Diverse:
Quaker
Calvinist
Lutheran
Etc.
Rich, poor, and a
small but rising
middle class.
Southern
(Chesapeake)
Plantation
Agriculture:
Tobacco, rice,
indigo
Aristocratic:
House of
Burgesses.
Anglican: tax
supported
Feudal:
Indentured
servants
Headright
system
Slavery 1619
EARLY (1607-1640)
English Settlement Terms to Know
Chesapeake Bay (Va. Maryland)
New England
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• Pilgrims & Puritans
• John Winthrop
• Dissenters
Jamestown
Starving times
Joint Stock co.
John Smith
Indentured Servants
Southern colonies
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Virginia (Chesapeake)
Maryland (Chesapeake)
N & S Carolina
Georgia
– Anne Hutchinson
– Roger Williams
– Thomas Hooker
• King Philip’s War
• Colonies
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Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Jamestown, VA (Chesapeake Bay)
May 13, 1607: Arrival of 104 Male Settlers
Jamestown Virginia (Southern)
Jamestown, Va. Continued
Virginia (Chesapeake/Southern)
Continued
•Initially, relatively good cooperation
between the English and the Native
Americans.
•Until the English no longer needed the
Natives.
•Three Anglo-Powhatan Wars: 1610-14,
1622-32, 1644-46. Powhatan
confederacy crumbled afterwards.
Virginia: Native
American
Relations
• The Jamestown colonists had
landed in a Native American
power struggle.
• Powhatan, the leader of a
powerful confederacy, hoped
to get the English on his side.
• The English could provide
various militarily and
economically useful goods.
a drawing of a 17th century
Virginia Native American
Powhatan Confederacy
Virginia (Chesapeake/Southern)
Continued
• John Rolfe found a profitable staple crop:
tobacco.
• Initially, tobacco was hugely successful. The
crop shaped Virginia‘s way of life.
• Tobacco was Land and Labor intensive.
Dispersed plantations, not compact villages,
and indentured servants and then slavery
were the result.
Population
of
Chesapeake
Colonies:
1610-1750
New England: Massachusetts (1620)
• Pilgrims (Plymouth)
– Separatists
• wanted to separate from the Anglican
Church
– Mayflower Compact
• 41 men drew up the agreement
to outline laws to protect
Pilgrims from “others”; signed
on the Mayflower
• 1620
New England Plymouth: Survival
Problems
The Pilgrims had arrived as family groups, ready
to farm.
Also, the Native American population had been
decimated by an epidemic introduced by
European traders, so land was available.
However, The Pilgrims arrived in December,
giving them no time to farm, just to build some
shelter.
A starving time resulted.
Native’s, (decimated by disease, and internecine
warfare), helped the Pilgrims survive in order to
win over these strange “allies”.
“A City Upon A Hill“
• Massachusetts was
founded as a Christian
utopia, outlined by
John Winthrop
in his sermon
“A Model of Christian charity.”
• The colony was to be based on strict Puritan
theology, as an example to the old world.
New England: Puritan Massachusetts (1630)
• Came for ECONOMIC reasons as much as religious
reasons
• “cruel and Unusual” punishment???
• John Cotton: “Toleration is liberty to tell lies in the
name of the Lord”.
• You can tell a lot about a group by the names they
give their children:
– Constance
– Joy From Above
– Kill Sin
– Increase
– Hope
– Wrestle With The Devil
What do
you
suppose
the “F” is
for?
• Settlement spread
and the new
colonies of
Connecticut, Rhode
Island, and New
Hampshire were
formed by Puritan
dissenters kicked
out of the
Commonwealth.
New England:
Native American
Relations
New England: King Philip’s
(Metacom) War
Consequences of King Phillip’s War
• 3000 Indians killed (50% of pop). End of threat
in New England
• cost colonials £100,000 - came close to
bankrupting many colonies. 2500 white
settlers killed, (10% of white men of fighting
age).
• Psychological - KPW ‘so dreadful a judgment’
for straying from path of righteousness; a
warning from God, yet victory showed God
still on white side, but ANGRY at them.
• White settlement restricted, doesn’t reach
1675 levels again until 1710
The Middle Colonies terms to Know
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New York
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
Delaware
Bread Basket
Mercantilism
Navigation Acts 1650
The Middle Colonies. Half way between
New England and the Southern colonies;
politically, geographically, culturally
• New York: taken from the Dutch by the
Duke of York
• New Jersey
• Delaware: Taken from Swedes but really
part of Penn.
• Pennsylvania: colony for Quakers
Middle Colonies
• Most Diverse
– Politically
– Ethnically
– Economically
– Religiously
Mercantilism
4 Main Goals
1) Encourage growth of native merchant ships,
this included the colonial ships.
2) Protect English manufacturers from foreign
competition.
3) Protect English Agriculture, especially grain
farmers.
4) Accumulate as much hard money (specie) as
possible. (Colonial money was worthless in
England, merchants wanted Gold!)
Regulations To Support Mercantilism
• NAVIGATION ACT OF 1651
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All imports or exports had to be carried on GB ships.
Required all exports from the colonies to go to GB.
All crews must be at least 1/2 British.
Colonial purchases from Spanish or French West
indies should be stopped by heavily taxing the
imports. Mostly molasses (sugar) to turn into rum.
– NO COLONIAL manufacturing?
– Tobacco, sugar, indigo, cotton, – ENUMERATED
(TAXED) PRODUCTS
W
The colonies GRO
Complete the supplied chart in either:
• Pairs
• Groups of 2
• Duals
• Partners of two
• Or by yourself
Use pages 31-39
3 Regions 1700-1763
Region
New England
Middle
Southern
(Chesapeake)
Economy
Government
Religion
Social Classes