Training Course on Ecosystem Based Climate Change Adaptation

Lead developer: Co-developers:

Disaster Risk Reduction (Module 5)

Terry Hills, Conservation International Tracy Farrell, Conservation International Tunde Ojei, Wetlands International, Charlotte Floors, Wetlands International

• • • •

Learning Objective

Participants know the components of a disaster.

Participants know the applicability of DRR as a tool for adaptation.

Participants know the international framework for DRR and the obligations of state, regional and international parties under this framework.

Participants are able to prioritize options, plan and implement practical steps using ‘first cut’ desktop tools for DRR, and consider appropriate evaluation mechanisms for DRR

Lecture Overview

1. What is disaster risk reduction (DRR)?

2. How do I implement DRR?

3. How do I evaluate DRR?

3 Disciplines: Adaptation, Conservation and DRR

Climate Change Adaptation Disaster Risk Reduction Conservation

What is a Disaster?

“a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society causing widespread human, material economic or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources ”

United Nations

What Causes this Disruption?

• A event that may cause loss of life, injury or other adverse impacts.

–

Hazard

is a natural

Geophysical

events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis –

Climatic

floods events such as cyclones, droughts and

Some Disaster Statistics

Increased Frequency - the number of reported weather-related disasters was 195 per year between 1987-98 to 365 per year between 2000-06 )

Social Inequality

– in the last 25 years: 98%of the people injured or affected by natural disasters were living in 112 countries classified as low income or low middle income

Geological Disasters

– in 2000-2010 , nearly 60% of people killed by disasters were killed because of earthquakes

Persons Affected by Disaster Type

What is Disaster Risk Reduction?

‘the systematic development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities, hazards and the unfolding disaster impacts throughout a society, in the broad context of sustainable development’

UNDP

The Hyogo Framework for DRR

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Agreed by 168 countries after 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Set of technical and organizational requirements for DRR Provides a good starting points for organizing action Use to check existing policies and procedures

Categories of Disaster Risk Reduction 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Sustainable Institutional Structures and Good Governance Risk Identification, Monitoring, Early Warning and Public Awareness Technical and Physical Risk Mitigation Building Resilience, Promotion of Innovation, Knowledge and Education Risk sharing and Risk Transfer Preparedness, Effective Response and Sustainable Recovery

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Drought DRR Case Studies - Africa Sustainable Institutional Structures and Good Governance Technical and Physical Risk Mitigation

Kenya:

Sustainable Institutional Structures and Good

Development of a master DRR coordination

Governance

plan with inter-ministerial dialogue and

Risk Identification, Monitoring, Early Warning and Public Awareness Building Resilience, Promotion of Innovation, Knowledge and Education Risk sharing and Risk Transfer Preparedness, Warning and Public Awareness

National Early Warning Technical Committee

Lesotho:

Annual drought vulnerability assessment

Ethiopia:

Community-identified risk assessment s

Technical and Physical Risk Mitigation

Lesotho:

ministry created to mainstream soil conservation, afforestation

Drought DRR Case Studies - Africa Building Resilience, Promotion of Technical and Physical Risk Mitigation

Ethopia:

Sustainable Institutional Structures and Good

Rainwater Harvesting

Governance

Technology

Northern Kenya:

Community radio African Drought Risk

Risk sharing and Risk Transfer Preparedness

Ethiopia:

Crop weather insurance

Malawi:

Index-based weather insurance

Effective Response and Sustainable Recovery

Botswana/Ethiopia/Kenya:

Government contingency funding in the case of drought

South Africa:

Weather-triggered disaster response

Warning Signs for DRR (Moench) 1. Low levels of diversification; 2. Heavy dependence on key data and technical specifications; 3. Reliance on narrow assumptions regarding appropriate human behavior and incentives; 4. Long lead times and capital investments required; 5. Major distributional differences; 6. Lack of a clear business model.

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How much money is spent on DRR?

Official Development Assistance on Disaster Management (2002-08)

9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

2006 2007 2008 Emergency Response Reconstruction Relief & Rehabilitation Disaster Prevention & Preparedness

Calculating Economic Costs of Disasters

…But what about economic impacts of DRR?

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Challenges for DRR Evaluation

Lack of clear objectives

–

is the objective to protect specific assets, human life or to , stabilize of consumption, health or incomes?

Lack of something to measure

–

in the absence of a disaster in the project area, what can be measured?

Lack of a control group: are there

possible ethical issues in studying a control group which is considered to have comparable risk to the project group?

Lack of baseline data: how do you

choose from the wide variety of parameters that are relevant to disaster risk with limited resources?

Common Approaches to DRR Evaluation

Cost Analyses:

– Cost Effectiveness – Cost Benefit – Cost Utility

Participatory Approaches:

– Rapid Rural Appraisal – Participatory Rural Appraisal – Participatory Learning and Action

UNISDR Tool: Understanding Drivers of Drought Risk in Agriculture

Lecture and Exercise Review

1. What is disaster risk reduction (DRR)?

2. How do I implement DRR?

3. How do I evaluate DRR?

Exercise – $1M DRR Proposal

• 4 groups of consultants will present a 5 minute proposal to the Kenyan Government: – Plan for allocation of USD1M for DRR and Climate Change Adaptation

Training Course on Ecosystem Based Climate Change Adaptation

Colofon side This lecture has been prepared as part of the training materials on wetlands and climate change adaptation Copyright/creative commons copyright This material may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided that the source is mentioned. Reference to this material can be made as [Name lead developer] et al, [Title module x], Training Kit on Wetlands and Climate Change Adaptation, 2010, [web-reference]

Additional Material:

Resilience and Fragility Functions

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Soft and Hard Resilience

•

Resilience refers to the capacity of people or economies to absorb loss and recover.

• Resilience has two different attributes: –

Hard Resilience:

The direct strength of structures or institutions when placed under pressure –

Soft Resilience

: The ability of systems to absorb and recover from the impact of disruptive events without fundamental changes in function or structure Other logos may be added

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Introduction to Fragility Functions

A graphical way of communicating relative cost-benefit of hard vs soft resilience options Can be used in different scales and contexts Relate event size (eg costs of flood) to costs (financial, human life, environmental) Compare relative merits of disaster management options Not yet commonly used but can be very useful for illustrative purposes Other logos may be added

Fragility Function

– ‘Unprotected’ System

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Fragility Function Hard Resilience Solution

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Fragility Function Soft Resilience Solution

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