Transcript Document

‫הומוסקסואליות‪ ,‬בריאות נפש‬
‫ותקינות פוליטית‬
‫ד"ר אבשלום אליצור‬
‫‪ .1‬המצוקה בקרב ההומוסקסואלים – חיצונית או אינהרנטית?‬
‫‪ .2‬האטיולוגיה‪ :‬מודלים ביולוגיים מול סביבתיים‬
‫‪ .3‬שינוי האוריינטציה המינית – אפשרי? כדאי?‬
‫התנצלות על ההעדפה הגברית‬
‫‪ ‬יש פחות חומר מחקרי על לסביות‬
‫‪ ‬הלסביות כנראה דיפוזית יותר‬
‫‪ ‬הבעייתיות קטנה יותר‬
‫התנצלות על הרושם הפטרוני‬
We hold these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with
certain undeniable rights, that among
these rights are Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness.
‫מגילת העצמאות של ארה"ב‬
‫מה תשיב להורה מציק?‬
‫"הרי יש חוקרים שאומרים שאתה יכול להשתנות!"‬
‫לא‬
‫מינית!"‬
‫נטייהפשוט‬
‫לשנות אני‬
‫להשתנות‪.‬‬
‫יכולאפשר‬
‫רוצה שאי‪-‬‬
‫שמאודאומרים‬
‫נכון! כולם‬
‫לא‪ ,‬מי‬
‫""כן‬
‫מערבב!"מדע וערכים‪ ,‬לא משרת את‬
‫(לא עומד במבחן הביקורת‪ ,‬רוצה‬
‫המטרה)‬
‫תשובה ערכית‪ ,‬בלתי‪-‬תלויה במחקר‪ ,‬עמידה על זכות האדם‬
‫(‬
‫לחיות את חייו כרצונו)‬
‫מצוקה נפשית בקרב הומוסקסואלים‬
1. Herrell, R., Goldberg, J., True, W.R., Ramakrishnan, V., Lyons, M., Eisen, S., Tsuang, M.T.
(1999) Sexual Orientation and Suicidality: A Co-twin Control Study in Adult Men. Arch. Gen.
Psychiatry, 56: 867-874.
Gays prone to suicide 6.5 times more than co-twins.
2. Remafedi, G., Farrow, J., and Deisher, R. (1991). Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide in Gay
and Bisexual Youth. Pediatrics, 87(6): 869-875.
The risk of suicide decreases by 80% for each year that a young man delays
homosexual/bisexual self-labeling.
3. Ross, M.W. (1988): Homosexuality and mental health: A cross-cultural review. J. Homosex,
15(1/2): 131-152.
Comorbidity unrelated to the culture within which the homosexual person lives.
4. de Graaf, R., Sandfort, T.G.M. and ten Have, M. (2006): Suicidality and sexual orientation:
Differences between men and women in a general population-based sample from the
Netherlands. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35: 253-262.
Homosexual men differed from their heterosexual counterparts on all four suicide
symptoms (Odds Ratio [OR] ranging from 2.58 to 10.23, with higher ORs for more
severe symptoms), and on the sum total of the four symptoms; homosexual women only
differed from heterosexual women on suicide contemplation (OR=2.12).
‫גורמי התאבדות אינהרנטיים‬
1. Saghir, M.T., Robins, E. (1973) Male and Female
Homosexuality: A Comprehensive Investigation.
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
2/3 suicides due to breakup
2. Bell, A. P., & Weinberg, M. S. (1978)
Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men
and Women. New York: Simon & Shuster.
Major reason for suicide attempts was the breakup of
relationships. In second place was the inability to accept
oneself.
?"‫"עשרה אחוז מהאוכלוסייה‬
1. Reisman, J.A. & Eichel, E.W. (1990). Kinsey, Sex and Fraud: The Indoctrination of a
People. An Investigation into the Human Sexuality Research of Alfred C. Kinsey.
Lafayette, LA: Huntington House.
2. A study of 5,514 Canadian college and university students under the age of 25 found
1% who were homosexual and 1% who were bisexual. (King et al., 1988).
3. A study of 8,337 British men found that 6.1% had had "any homosexual experience"
and 3.6% had "1+ homosexual partner ever." (Johnson et al., 1992).
4. A French study of 20,055 people found that 4.1% of the men and 2.6% of the women
had at least one occurrence of intercourse with person of the same sex during their
lifetime. (ANRS, 1992).
5. A Danish random survey found that 2.7% of the 1,373 men who responded to their
questionnaire had homosexual experience (intercourse). (Melbye, 1992).
6. The National Health Interview Survey does household interviews of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. The results of three of these surveys, done in 1990-1991
and based on over 9,000 responses each time, found between 2-3% of the people
responding said yes to a set of statements which included "You are a man who has
had sex with another man at some time since 1977, even one time." (Dawson, Hardy,
1990-1992)
7. In a random survey of 6,300 Norwegians, 3.5% of the men and 3% of the women
reported that they had had a homosexual experience sometime in their life. (Sundet et
al., 1988).
"‫"כך נולדת‬
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION FACT SHEET
[sic!] MAY 2000
Q. Is It Possible To Change One’s Sexual Orientation )“Reparative
Therapy”(?
A. There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy
of “reparative therapy” as a treatment to change one’s sexual
orientation, nor is it included in the APA’s Task Force Report,
Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. More importantly, altering
sexual orientation is not an appropriate goal of psychiatric
treatment. Some may seek conversion to heterosexuality
because of the difficulties that they encounter as a member of a
stigmatized group. Clinical experience indicates that those who
have integrated their sexual orientation into a positive sense of
self-function are at a healthier psychological level than those
who have not.
‫כולם מיישרים קו‬
 ASSOCIATION RESOLUTIONS OPPOSING REPARATIVE
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THERAPY
American Academy of Pediatrics
American Federation of Teachers
American Medical Association
American Psychiatric Association
American Psychological Association
The Interfaith Alliance
National Association of School Psychologists
National Association of Social Workers
National Association of Secondary School Principals
National Education Association
New Ways Ministries
People for the American Way
‫להשתנות?‬
‫‪" ‬זה נורמאלי"‬
‫‪" ‬אתה כזה ואין מה לעשות"‬
‫‪" ‬הוכח שזה גנטי"‬
‫‪" ‬תלמד לקבל את עצמך"‬
‫‪( ‬אתה נוירוטי!)‬
"‫"הוכח שזה גנטי‬
Xq28 - Thanks for the genes, Mum
The T-shirt worn by the San Francisco gay
made it clear: A single piece of DNA - from
the q28 region of his X chromosome,
inherited from his mother - was the sole
cause of his sexual orientation
‫קצת נתונים‬
1. Bailey, J. M., & Pillard, R. C. (1991) A Genetic
Study of Male Sexual Orientation. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 48: 1089-1096.
(caveat: volunteer bias)
 MZ
twin:
 DZ twin:
 Brother:
 Adopted brother:
52 %
22 %
9.2%
11 %
‫קצת נתונים‬
2. Bailey, J. M., Dunne, M.P., & Martin, N. G.
(2000): Genetic and Environmental
influences on sexual orientation and its
correlates in an Australian twin sample.
Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 78: 524-536.
 MZ twin (female)
 MZ twin (male)
30%
38%
(discordant twins viewed family situations
differently)
‫קצת נתונים‬
3. Hershberger, S. L. (1997): A twin
registry study of male and female
sexual orientation. Journal of Sex
Research 34: 212-222.
(caveat: only unmarried)
 MZ twin (female)
 MZ twin (male)
48%
0%
‫קצת נתונים‬
1. Kirk, K. M., Bailey, J. M., Dunne, M, P., &
Martin, N. G. (2000) Measurement models
for sexual orientation in a community twin
sample. Behavior Genetics, 30: 345-356.
 MZ twin (female)
 MZ twin (male)
50-60%
30%
‫הסקירות המקיפות ביותר‬
‫ מוטה נגד‬:1
N. & B. Whitehead (1999) My Genes
Made Me Do It! Lafayette, LA:
Huntington House.
“The average in the population is 10%
genetic and 90% environmental. This is
not fixed - change is possible.”
‫הסקירות המקיפות ביותר‬
‫ מוטה בעד‬:2
Mustanski, B. S., Chivers, M. L., & Bailey,
J. M. (2002;) A critical review of recent
biological research on human sexual
orientation. Annual Review of Sex
Research, 13: 89-140.
“Consistent evidence that genes influence
sexual orientation, but molecular research
has not yet produced compelling evidence
for specific genes.”
‫הסקירות המקיפות ביותר‬
‫ מוטה בעד‬:3
Rahman, K, & Wilson, G. D. (2005) Born gay? The
psychobiology of human sexual orientation.
London: Peter Owen.
“Amidst the conflicting findings, it seems that,
whether operationalised in terms of gender
atypicality or as a primary trait, sexual orientation has
a substantial genetic component, and that this may be
located on the X chromosome” (‫)הדגשה שלי‬.
‫נטייה מינית ומבנה המוח‬
Allen, L. S., & Gorski, R. A. (1992) Sexual orientation and the size of
the anterior commissure in the human brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.
USA., 89:71997202.
‫נטייה מינית ומבנה המוח‬
Mbugua, K. (2003): Sexual orientation and
brain structures: A critical review of recent
research. Current Science, 84: 173-178.
“The available evidence does not support the
hypothesis that the brains of male homosexuals are
structurally different from those of male
heterosexuals.”
‫נטייה מינית ומבנה המוח‬
‫תזכורת‪ :‬הומוסקסואלים אינם "גברים נשיים"‬
‫נטייה מינית ומבנה המוח‬
LeVay, S. (1991) A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure
Between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men. Science, 258:
1034-1037 (INAH ‫(גרעינים אינטרסטיציאליים בהיפותלמוס האנטריורי‬
LeVay, S. (1994) The Sexual Brain. Mass.: MIT Press.
To many people, finding a difference in brain structure between gay
and straight men is equivalent to proving that gay men are "born that
way." Time and again I have been described as someone who "proved
that homosexuality is genetic" or some such thing. I did not. My
observations were made only on adults who had been sexually active
for a considerable period of time. It is not possible, purely on the basis
of my observations, to say whether the structural differences were
present at birth, and later influenced the men to become gay or straight,
or whether they arose in adult life, perhaps as a result of the men's
sexual behavior. (P. 72 ‫)ההדגשות שלי‬
‫נטייה מינית ומבנה המוח‬
Breedlove, S. M. (1997) Sex on the brain.
Nature, 389: 801.
‫הצפיפות והגודל של נוירונים מסוימים בגנגליונים‬
.‫השדרתיים של חולדות תלויים בתדירות ההזדווגויות‬
“These findings give us proof for what we
theoretically know to be the case – that sexual
experience can alter the structure of the brain, just
as genes can alter it. [I]t is possible that
differences in sexual behavior cause (rather than
are caused by) differences in the brain.”
‫נטייה מינית ומבנה המוח‬
Teicher MH, Andersen SL, Polcari A, Anderson CM, Navalta CP, Kim DM: The
neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment.
Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2003; 27(1-2):33-44
:‫חלקים במוח שנמצאו שונים אצל אנשים שעברו התעללות או הזנחה בילדותם‬
hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, vermis, corpus callosum
‫נטייה מינית ומבנה המוח‬
‫‪Rogers, L.J. Sexing the Brain. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999‬‬
‫ליקוק אברי המין של גורי חולדה זכרים ע"י האם‪ :‬גידול בממדי הגרעין ‪INAH-3‬‬
‫(הגרעין שמצא לה‪-‬ואי!) והתנהגות זכרית טיפוסית‪.‬‬
‫אנשים מדברים יותר אל תינוקות הלבושים ורוד מאשר אל אלו בכחול‪.‬‬
‫עוד תזכורת מהביולוגיה‬
‫איזה "גן" גורם לאווזים לנסות להזדווג עם מי שגידל אותם?‬
‫תזכורת מהאנתרופולוגיה‬
‫איזה "גן" גורם לגברים סיניים להתגרות מינית מכפות רגליים שהוטל בהן מום‪,‬‬
‫ולגברים בני מלאווי להימשך אל נשים עם שפתי כף אשפה?‬
‫תקיפה מינית בילדות כגורם‬
?‫להומוסקסואליות בבגרות‬
1 Johnson, R. L., Shrier, D. (1985) Sexual Victimization
of Boys: Experience at an Adolescent Medicine
Clinic. Journal of Adolescent Health Care 6: 372-376.
300 intercity boys
40 assaulted before puberty


47.5% homosexual
10% bisexual
260 not assaulted

0% homosexual
‫תקיפה מינית בילדות כגורם‬
?‫להומוסקסואליות בבגרות‬
2. Johnson, R. L., Shrier, D (1987) Past sexual
victimization by females of male patients in an
adolescent medicine clinic population. Am. J.
Psychiatry 144:650-652
Molested boys (mean age 10)
11 female-molested
 14 male-molested
 25 non-molested

3 (28%) homosexual
8 (57%) homosexual
2 (8%) homosexual
‫תקיפה מינית בילדות כגורם‬
?‫להומוסקסואליות בבגרות‬
3. Dimock, P. T. (1988). Adult males sexually abused as children:
Characteristics and implications for treatment. Journal of Interpersonal
Violence, 3, 203-216.

Of 25 men with history of abuse: 16 reported gender identity
confusion, 8 bisexual, 2 primarily homosexual, 1 professed
heterosexual but was not.
4. Remafedi,
G. (1994) Predictors of unprotected intercourse among gay
and bisexual youth: Knowledge, belief, and behavior. Pediatrics, 94:
163-165.



239 men aged 13 to 21 self-identified as homosexual or bisexual
42% had been sexually abused or assaulted
(30% had attempted suicide; 23% used cocaine; 66% used
marijuana regularly; 29% had been arrested; 11% had accepted
money for sex)
‫תקיפה מינית בילדות כגורם‬
?‫להומוסקסואליות בבגרות‬
5. Tomeo, M., Templer, D., Anderson, S., & Kotler, D.
(2001) Comparative data on childhood and
adolescence molestation in homosexual and
heterosexual persons. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
30(3): 535-541.



942 adults.
Homosexuals: 46% men (mean age 11), 22% women (mean
age 13) reported child molestation by person of same gender
Heterosexuals: 7% men, 1% women
(Ego syntonic: 97% of the gay men participated in gay pride
celebration)
‫תקיפה מינית בילדות כגורם‬
?‫להומוסקסואליות בבגרות‬
6. Finkelhor, D (1984) Child Sexual Abuse. New York: The Free
Press,.
"Boys victimized by older men were over four times more likely to be
engaged in homosexual activity than were nonvictims“
7. Sagarin E. (1976) Prison homosexuality and its effect on postprison sexual behavior. Psychiatry 39:245-257.
 Of 9 convicts: 5 rapists returned to heterosexuality. 4 victims
became homosexual
‫ השפעת האונס על הנפגע‬:‫ רני לוי‬.8
http://www.macom.org.il/rape-effect-on-male.asp
‫התיאוריה ההורמונאלית‬
Dorner G, Schenk B, et al. (1983) Stressful events in
prenatal life of bi- and homosexual men.
Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, 81: 83-87.
Mothers of male homosexuals, bisexuals and heterosexuals
were to recall stressful episodes they may have experienced
during pregnancy (e.g. deaths of close relatives, divorces,
separations, traumatic, financial or sexual experiences,
feelings of severe anxiety). Nearly two-thirds of the
mothers of the male homosexuals, compared to one-third of
the mothers of the bisexuals and less than 10% of the
mothers of the heterosexuals were able to recall such
episodes.
‫שאלת‪-‬תם‪:‬‬
‫האם אובדן האב‪ ,‬אונס האם וכיוצא‪-‬באלה מרעין‪-‬בישין‬
‫שפקדו אותה בזמן ההיריון חדלים להשפיע על‬
‫התפתחותו הנפשית של הרך הנולד מרגע הגיחו‬
‫לאוויר העולם?‬
‫אוריינטציה מינית וסדר הלידה‬
1. Cantor, JM, Blanchard, R, Paterson, AD,
Bogaert, AF (2002): How many gay men owe
their sexual orientation to fraternal birth
order? Archives of Sexual Behavior 31:63-71.
Likelihood increases by 33% with every male
elder brother
‫אוריינטציה מינית וסדר הלידה‬
2. Bogaert, Anthony F (2000) Birth order and sexual
orientation in a national probability sample. Journal of
Sex Research 37(3): 361-68.
“[T]he birth order effect seems to be one of the more robust findings in
modern sexology.”
“One of the more impressive elements of the birth order effect is its
generalizability. Not only has the effect been demonstrated in samples of
men from different eras (see Blanchard & Bogaert, 1996a, 1996b), from
different countries (see Blanchard & Bogaert, 1996b; Blanchard, Zucker,
Cohen-Kettenis, Gooren, & Bailey, 1996), and with different ethnicities
(Bogaert, 1998), but it has also been found to occur in clinical (e.g.,
Bogaert et al., 1997) and nonclinical (e.g., Blanchard & Bogaert, 1996b)
samples. Recently, we have demonstrated that the birth order difference
between homosexual and heterosexual men is primarily the result of
homosexual men being born later among their brothers, relative to
heterosexual men (Blanchard & Bogaert, 1996a, 1996b, 1997; Bogaert et
al., 1997).”
‫זהה‬-‫עצם ההיוולדות כתאום לא‬
Bearman, PS; Bruckner, H (2002): Oppositesex twins and adolescent same-sex
attraction. American Journal of Sociology
107, 1179-1205.
Adolescent sibling pairs drawn from a nationally representative
sample (N=5,552) .
Male adolescents who have a female twin are more likely to report a
same-sex attraction than any other group in these data (16.8 %)
‫למארק חי וקיים‬
1. Blanchard, R., & Klassen, P. (1997) H-Y
antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of
Theoretical Biology, 185, 373—378.
2. Pollard, I. (1996) Preconceptual
programming and sexual orientation: a
hypothesis. Journal of theoretical biology,
179, 269—273.
‫הסביבה המשפחתית כגורם‬
‫בהתפתחות ההומוסקסואליות‬
Frisch, M. and Hviid, A. (2006) Childhood family correlates of heterosexual and
homosexual marriages: A national cohort study of two million Danes. Arch. Sex
Behav. 35: 533–547.
Men who marry homosexually are more likely to have been raised in a family with
unstable parental relationships -- particularly, absent or unknown fathers and
divorced parents.
Men who experienced parental death during childhood or adolescence "had
significantly lower heterosexual marriage rates than peers whose parents were
both alive on their 18th birthday. The younger the age of the father's death, the
lower was the likelihood of heterosexual marriage."
"The shorter the duration of parental marriage, the higher was the likelihood of
homosexual marriage...homosexual marriage rates were 36% and 26% higher
among men and women, respectively, who experienced parental divorce after
less than six years of marriage, than among peers whose parents remained
married for all 18 years of childhood and adolescence."
"Men whose parents divorced before their 6th birthday were 39% more likely to
marry homosexually than peers from intact parental marriages."
"Men whose cohabitation with both parents ended before age 18 years had
significantly (55% -76%) higher rates of homosexual marriage than men who
cohabited with both parents until 18 years."
‫הומוסקסואלי‬-‫הילד הפרה‬
Hamer, D.H., & and Copeland, P. (1994) The Science
of Desire. New York: Simon and Schuster.
“Most sissies will grow up to be homosexuals, and most
gay men were sissies as children.
. . . Despite the provocative and politically incorrect nature
of that statement, it fits the evidence. In fact, it may be the
most consistent, well-documented, and significant finding
in the entire field of sexual-orientation research and
perhaps in all of human psychology” (p. 166).
‫הילד הפרה‪-‬הומוסקסואלי‬
‫"אבא לא אהב אותי"‬
‫סיבה?‬
‫תוצאה?‬
‫שיעורי הצלחת הטיפול‬
‫אוריינטציה‬-‫לרה‬
Jeffrey Satinover (1996) Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth
(survey of reports prior to 1973)


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Author
Method
A. Freud
Ovesey
Schwartz et al.
Mayerson et al.
Bieber
Ellis
Ross et al.
Monroe et al.
Van den Aardweg
Composite
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy
Number
Treated
8
3
54
19
106
28
15
7
101
341
Success
Rate
50%
100%
65%
47%
27%
64%
73%
57%
65%
52%
‫שיעורי הצלחת הטיפול‬
‫אוריינטציה‬-‫לרה‬
Elizabeth James, Treatment of Homosexuality: A Reanalysis
and Synthesis of Outcome Studies (1978) (Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation, Brigham Young University) (on file with Brigham
Young University Library).
Approximately 35% of the homosexual clients
“recovered” and 27% “improved.”
MacIntosh, H. (1994). Attitudes and experiences of
psychoanalysts in analyzing homosexual patients. Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association, 42(4), 1183-1207.
23% analysts reported shift in sexual orientation.
‫שיעורי הצלחת הטיפול‬
‫אוריינטציה‬-‫לרה‬
Nicolosi, J., Byrd, A.D., & Potts, R.W. (2000):
Retrospective self-report of changes in
homosexual orientation: A consumer survey
of conversion therapy clients. Psych. Rep. 86,
1071-1088
67% exclusively homosexual dropped to 12.8% –
54.2% changed.
‫מחקרים על הצלחת הטיפול‬
‫אוריינטציה‬-‫לרה‬
Throckmorton, W. (1998) Attempts to modify sexual orientation: A review of
outcome literature and ethical issues. Journal of Mental Health
Counseling 20, 283-304.
Yarhouse, M. A., and Throckmorton, W. (2002) Ethical issues in attempts
to ban reorientation therapies. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research,
Practice, Training, 39/1, 66-75.
Rosik, C. H. (2003). Motivational, ethical, and epistemological foundations
in the clinical treatment of unwanted homoerotic attraction. Journal of
Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 13-28.
Krueger, R.B. (2003). A positive view of Spitzer's research and an
argument for further research. Part of "Peer Commentaries on Spitzer
(2003)". Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(5), 443-444.
Nicolosi, Joseph, Byrd, A. Dean & Potts, Richard W. (2002) Retrospective
self-reports of changes in homosexual orientation: A consumer survey
on conversion therapy clients. Psychological Reports, 86: 1071-1088.
Socarides, C.W. (1978). Homosexuality. New York: Jason Aronson.
‫מחקרים על הצלחת הטיפול‬
)‫אוריינטציה (המשך‬-‫לרה‬
Satinover, J. (1996) Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth. Grand Rapids
MI:
Baker.
Nicolosi, J., Byrd, A.D., & Potts, R.W. (2000): Retrospective self-report of
changes in homosexual orientation: A consumer survey of conversion
therapy clients. Psych. Rep. 86, 1071-1088
Satinover, J. (2005) The Trojan couch: How the mental health guilds allow
medical diagnostics, scientific research and jurisprudence to be
subverted in lockstep with the political aims of their gay subcomponents. National Association for Research and Therapy of
Homosexuality Conference Reports,
http://www.narth.com/docs/TheTrojanCouchSatinover.pdf
‫שיעורי הצלחת הטיפול‬
‫אוריינטציה‬-‫לרה‬
Spitzer, R. (2003) Can some gay men and lesbians change their
sexual orientation? 200 participants reporting a change from
homosexual to heterosexual orientation. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 32(5): 403-417.
Of 247 respondents, 200 (143 males, 57 females) selected for
exclusive or predominant homosexuality prior to therapy.
Average age: males 42, females 44
5 years after therapy
41% were openly gay before therapy
34% males and 2% females engaged with > 50 partners
‫שיעורי הצלחת הטיפול‬
‫אוריינטציה‬-‫לרה‬
Before therapy
21% males married
After therapy
76%
18% females married
47%
0% males entirely heterosexual
11%
0% females entirely heterosexual
37%
‫שיעורי הצלחת הטיפול‬
‫אוריינטציה‬-‫לרה‬
Changes in Average Sexual Attraction
(100 = only attracted to the same sex,
0 = only attracted to the opposite sex)
12 months before 12 months prior
effort to change, to interview
Male Subjects
91
23
Female Subjects
88
8
‫עקרונות הפסיכותרפיה של האוריינטציה המינית‬
‫א‪ .‬עקרונות מנחים‪ :‬כמו בכל תרפיה אחרת!‬
‫א‪ .1-‬הימנעות מנקיטת עמדה ומשיפוטיות‬
‫א‪ .2-‬בירור הרצון האמיתי‬
‫ב‪ .‬עקרונות פסיכודינמיים‪ :‬טיפול במכלול העולם הרגשי‪-‬תפיסתי‬
‫ב‪ .1-‬חשיפת‪/‬שלילת רקע טראומטי‬
‫ב‪ .2-‬התרת הקיבעון לאם (לא בהכרח מיני)‬
‫ב‪ .3-‬בירור מקורות הרתיעה מנשים‬
‫ג‪ .‬בירור הזהות הגברית‬
‫ג‪ .1-‬דה‪-‬סקסואליזציה של הצורך באהבת‪-‬אב‬
‫ג‪ .2-‬דה‪-‬סקסואליזציה של החִ בְרּות הגברי‬
‫ג‪ .3-‬דה‪-‬סקסואליזציה של התוקפנות והדומיננטיות‬
‫ד‪ .‬עקרונות הפסיכולוגיה של העצמי‬
‫ד‪ .1-‬שיקום הדימוי העצמי‬
‫ד‪ .2-‬התמודדות עם קנאה‬
‫ה‪ .‬עקרונות התנהגותיים‬
‫ה‪ .1-‬הקהיית פוביות‬
‫ה‪ .2-‬למידת דפוסי אינטימיות חדשים‬
‫עקרונות הפסיכותרפיה של האוריינטציה המינית‬
‫מקורות‬
Volkan, V. D., & Socarides, C. W. (1990). The Homosexualities: Reality, Fantasy, and
the Arts. International Universities Press.
Nicolosi, J. (1991) Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality. New Jersey: Jason
Aronson.
Berger, J. (1994) The psychotherapeutic treatment of male homosexuality. American
Journal of Psychotherapy. 48, 2: 251-261.
Fitzgibbons, R. (1999) The origins and therapy of same-sex attraction disorder. In
Wolfe, C. Homosexuality and American Public Life. Washington: Spense. 85-97.
Friedman, R. (1988) Male Homosexuality: A Contemporary Psychoanalytic
Perspective. New Haven: Yale U. Press.
Hatterer, L. (1970) Changing Homosexuality in the Male. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Hockenberry, S., Billingham, R. (1987) Sexual orientation and boyhood gender
conformity: Development of the boyhood gender conformity scales (BGCS)
Archives of Sexual Behavior. 16, 6: 475 - 492.
Kaplan, E. (1967) Homosexuality: A search for the ego-ideal. Archives of General
Psychology. 16: 355 - 358.
Schwartz, M., Masters, W. (1984) The Masters and Johnson treatment program for
dissatisfied homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry. 141: 173 - 181.
‫מטפלים ישראליים‬
‫ירושלים‪:‬‬
‫תל‪-‬אביב‪:‬‬
‫ראש העין‪:‬‬
‫הרצליה‪:‬‬
‫רעננה‪:‬‬
‫חיפה‪:‬‬
‫חיפה‪ ,‬מצפה הושעיה‪:‬‬
‫בית‪-‬לחם הגלילית‪:‬‬
‫תמר פלג‬
‫חיה שטיינפלד‬
‫עידן מיליצ'ר‬
‫מירה אציל‬
‫איתמר בילו‬
‫נוחי טל‪-‬שטרית‬
‫רפי יעקובי‬
‫פנינה ויטלי‬
‫ציון אבוקרט‬
‫עפרה שלו‬
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‫תשובה "חד‪-‬משמעית" (‪)04.01.05 ,Y-net‬‬
‫"לשאלה 'האם ניתן לשנות את הנטיות המיניות' יש תשובה חד‪-‬משמעית‪:‬‬
‫אי אפשר לשנות נטיות הומוסקסואליות"‪ .‬כך אומר הפסיכולוג עופר‬
‫מאורר‪ ,‬בתגובה לדבריו של ד"ר אבשלום אליצור‪ ,‬מהיחידה ללימודים‬
‫בין תחומיים באוניברסיטת בר‪-‬אילן‪ .‬דבריו של אליצור שפורסמו ביום‬
‫ראשון במוסף הבריאות של "ידיעות אחרונות" )ראה מסגרת(‪ ,‬עוררו‬
‫סערה גדולה בקרב פסיכולוגים‪ ,‬חוקרים וגם בקרב פעילים בקהילה‬
‫ההומו‪-‬לסבית‪ ,‬והורים לילדים הומואים ולסביות‪.‬‬
‫"בקשר לדבריו של ד"ר אליצור‪ ,‬הייתי אומר שיש להיזהר מלקבל דברים‬
‫שנאמרים על‪-‬ידי אנשי רוח ופיזיקאים אשר אינם פסיכולוגים שטיפלו‬
‫בפועל באנשים‪ ,‬ואשר ככל הידוע לי‪ ,‬לא עברו הכשרה כמטפלים‪ ,‬ואינם‬
‫מודעים‪ ,‬ככל הנראה‪ ,‬להשלכות הקליניות של אמירותיהם והצעותיהם"‪.‬‬
‫)הדגשות שלי – א‪.‬א‪(.‬‬
‫סיכום (קצת פחות חד‪-‬משמעי)‬
‫ַלמֵד לשונָך לומר "איני יודע" שֶׁמא תתבדה ותֵ ָאחֵז‬
‫)ברכות ד ע"א(‬