Transcript Blood Collection and Handling of Blood Samples

Blood Collection and
Handling of Blood
Samples
Collecting your Sample
Determine which ________________ are needed.
Determine the __________________ you will need and the
_______________ you will use.
Preferred blood source is almost ALWAYS _______________
blood, not ______________ blood. ___________ vein is
usually most appropriate vessel for collection.
Use the _________________needle that the patient can
comfortably accommodate.
Choose the size syringe that best matches the
___________________________________ you will need.
Needle and Syringe
The Vacutainer
Is composed of a ______________,
_________________________and _________________tubes.
Use the correct size tube to minimize _______________of
the sample and to prevent ____________________ of the
vein.
Fill tube to correct volume based on strength of
______________________________ to ensure appropriate
ratio of blood to anticoagulant.
ADVANTAGE: multiple samples can be collected directly into
tubes without __________________________________ from
patient.
Vacutainer collection sets
Sample Volume
The amount of blood collected from an animal depends on
the amount of _______________or _______________needed
as well as the ________________________ of the animal.
Enough blood should be taken to run the required tests
_______ times. This should be enough to compensate for
technician error, instrument error or the need for diluted
samples.
Serum or Plasma?
Serum or plasma are the _____________ portion of
whole blood.
Fluid portion of blood is ____% water, ____% dissolved
constituents like proteins, vitamins, carbs, hormones,
etc…
Plasma ______contain clotting factors. The clotting
factors are known as __________.
________is plasma that has had the clotting factors
removed.
Whole Blood
Is placed into a container with an
_____________________added to prevent clotting.
As soon as you obtain your sample, mix the blood with the
anticoagulant by using a ____________________________
motion.
Vigorously shaking your sample can cause ______________,
otherwise known as cell destruction.
_____________
Defined: Are chemicals that prevent or delay
the clotting process.
Choice of anticoagulant depends on
_____________needed.
Sample must be _______________before use.
Anticoagulants cont’d
Samples not tested within _________of collection
should be refrigerated. (Bring sample back to room
temperature and re-mix before analysis.
___________ blood should NEVER be frozen as the
freezing/thawing process can _______ the blood
cells.
What’s in the tubes?
Red Topped Tube
Red Topped Tube: Contains no
____________________.
Routinely used for ________________________.
Used for ________samples.
Red-Topped Tubes
Serum Separator/Tiger
Topped Tube
Tiger Topped (Striped) Tube/Serum Separator:
Contains no anti-coagulant. Has a yellowish “plug” of
__________________________________that separates
serum from plasma when spun. Used for ___________
samples.
***(Not used for therapeutic drug level monitoring.)
Lavender/Purple Topped
Tubes
Lavender Topped Tube: Contains the anticoagulant
__________ or Ethlenediamine tetraacetic acid.
Used for ____________________samples or
__________samples.
Used for complete blood counts because it does not
____________________________. HOWEVER, an excess
of anticoagulant in a sample may cause cells to
__________and invalidate cell counts done on
automated analyzers.
Lavender/Purple Topped
Tubes
Grey Topped Tube:
Contains the anticoagulant
_________________________.
Best for ___________________ preservation.
Interferes with many other tests performed on
serum.
Grey Topped Tubes
Blue Topped Tube
Contains the anticoagulant
_______________________.
Commonly used in ___________________.
Na Citrate interferes with Na assays and many
common serum tests.
Blue Topped Tubes
Green Topped Tube
Contains the anticoagulant ________.
Can be used for most tests that require
____________samples.
Should never be used for differential blood film analysis
because the anticoagulant interferes with the staining of
the _______’s.
Green Topped Tubes
Hematology
Defined: ____________________________
Why is hematology
important?
Evaluation of _________________
Screening for _______ animals as a _______________.
___________________ screening
_______-___________ monitoring
Hematopoiesis
Refers to the production of
__________________________ and
__________________. All blood cells arise from the
same _______________________________________.
Blood Composition
Blood is composed of __________and __________
Fluid portion is ~____% water
Packed Cell Volume
The PCV is measuring the percent of CELLS in a
patient’s blood.
If the animal is dehydrated, the fluid portion of the
blood will ____________.
Example: a PCV of 50% will give a sample that is 50%
cells and 50% fluid. This means that a 10mL sample
will yield 5mL of fluid. A PCV of 70% will yield 70%
cells and only 30% fluid so a 10mL sample will only
give 3mL of fluid.
PCV (Packed Cell
Volume)
In a CBC, we determine the number of RBC’s in
several different ways. The quickest and easiest is
called the __________________, also referred to as
the packed cell volume (PCV)
The PCV will tell you if the animal is ________or
________.
Normal PCV Values
Canine: _______%
Feline: _______%
Equine: _______%
Bovine: _______%
Whole blood is collected in an ______________
(usually EDTA) and placed in a capillary tube.
Microhematocrit tubes should be filled to the
designated line, with one end plugged with clay
sealant.
Blood sample should be spun in a microhematocrit
centrifuge for ______ minutes
Lay the tube in the centrifuge with the plugged end
facing the ___________of the centrifuge. Make
sure that a _______________is placed opposite or
have another sample across from yours.
Cells are ________than the plasma and are
compacted at the end of the tube that has the clay
plug.
Plasma Evaluation
Plasma color and transparency may be helpful in
determining a diagnosis and should be recorded in
your findings.
Normal plasma is _____or a _____________color
Cloudy Plasma = ________
Reddish tinge = _________
Yellow = ________(indicates possible liver disease)
Reading your PCV
Concentration of total protein / total
solids
Plasma protein concentrations estimated
with a _____________and is an important
component of the CBC in all species.
Plasma used to determine the TP/TS is
collected by breaking the hematocrit tube
just above the
_________/_________interface.
↵
A perfect PCV
specimen here at VTI
The plasma is allowed to flow onto the
______________________________________. (Blow
gently through the open end of the hematocrit tube with
the broken end of the tube over the prism of your
refractometer.)
Hold the refractometer up to the light and record your
findings.
Make sure to ____________your refractometer after each
use!
Blood Films
The blood film is used to perform the ____________,
estimate platelet numbers; and evaluate the
_________________________________features of WBCs,
RBCs and platelets.
_________________ smears are prepared by placing a small
drop of blood on a clean glass microscope slide
Blood films
Staining a slide
Always stain using the ________to _______stain.
Remember which side of your slide is up (clothes pins are
marked “top”)
Rinse off from _____________side of slide
May _______________ to speed up process. (We will NOT
be doing this!)
Performing the Differential Cell
Count
This is where the different
_____________________________________ are
tallied separately. This can be done by a blood
counting machine, or by hand.
To ________count the different cells, first you must
make a ____________. Stain the slide once it is dry.
Using a cell counter you will tally a total of
_____cells (this will make it easy to turn the
numbers into a %)