Transcript DuPont Product/Presentation Title

Existing Replacements for CFC & HCFC
Refrigerants and Future Low GWP
Alternatives
Dr. Frank Rinne
Technical Programmes Manager
DuPont Fluoroproducts
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Agenda
- Introduction
- Role of HFCs in tackling these environmental concerns
- Retrofit Refrigerants for CFC´s and HCFC´s in existing Systems
- Low GWP Refrigerants for new Systems
- Conclusions
- Questions and discussion
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An Industry in Transition
Transitions due to Ozone Regulations
? Transition due to Climate Regulations ?
1200
800
HFCs
HCFCs
CFCs
HFOs
400
20
15
20
12
20
09
20
06
20
03
20
00
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97
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94
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91
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88
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85
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82
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79
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76
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73
0
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70
Thousands of tonnes
1600
Refrigerants
Other
Refrigerants
Foam Expansion
Solvents
Propellants
Fire Extinguishants
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Climate Change
HFCs: A Small but Very Visible Part of Global Warming
Globally HFCs are responsible for only a few percent of the total
contribution to global warming (2-3 %)
But there are several factors that make them a target:
• Nationally, HFCs can represent several percent of total contribution
to global warming
• The CFC legacy: regulate and industry will innovate
• Refrigerant emissions can be reduced
• HFCs are included in the “basket” of gases under the Kyoto Protocol
• HFCs are considered “high GWP” gases with perceived low
reduction costs
Energy efficiency is considered a separate issue
Bottom line – HFCs are a target for global warming regulations
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Ozone Depletion:
DuPont Position on HCFC Phase-out Acceleration
• Despite remarkable success, the ozone layer still requires action.
• DuPont supports the accelerated phase-out schedules for HCFCs
as an encouraging sign that developed and developing nations can
reach consensus on actions to protect the global climate system
• The new schedule will allow for an orderly transition to alternative
products and technologies through:
• Good conservation practices to reduce emissions of refrigerants to
the environment
• Adoption of alternative non-ozone depleting products and
technologies.
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ISCEON® Refrigerants to replace
CFCs and HCFCs
Benefits:
 provides easy, quick, cost-effective retrofit
 non-ozone-depleting HFC
 in most cases no change of lubricant type during retrofit is required -compatible with traditional and new lubricants
 avoids expensive engineering changes to existing equipment
 enables cost-effective continued use of existing equipment
 can be topped off during service without removing the entire refrigerant
charge
Performance:
 provides required cooling capacity and comparable energy efficiency
vs. R-12 and R-22
 similar discharge temperature and pressure vs. R-12 and R22
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CFC Replacement – Application Summary
ISCEON® Product
Replaces
Application
ISCEON® 39TC
R-12
High Temperature
Centrifugal Chillers
ISCEON® MO49Plus
R-12 / HCFC Blends
Automotive AC
DX stationary AC
DX medium/low
temperature
Refrigeration
ISCEON® MO89
R-13B1
Very low temperature
Refrigeration
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ISCEON® 39TC® - Sulzer unit at
Rhodia Paulinia, Brazil / 2002
Average water flow 180,000 kg/h
Average cooling capacity
880,000 kCal/h (60% load)
ISCEON® 49Plus
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HCFC Replacement – Application Summary
Original Refrigerant
Application
Replaced by
R22
Small AC (<15 kW)*
ISCEON® MO59
R22
Low & medium temperature
refrigeration and larger AC
ISCEON® MO29
R22
Refrigeration where extra
capacity is required**
ISCEON® MO79
R402A/B, R403B,
R408A, R411B
Refrigeration
ISCEON® MO79
(not recommended in water chillers)
(Change of TEV required)
* Lower pressure and compressor power than R22 may be an advantage in some specific cases.
** Change of expansion valve, condenser capacity assessment and pressure rating check required.
Multipurpose replacement for R22 in DX equipment
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Typical Applications for ISCEON® MO29
Supermarket
Air Contioning Chillers
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EU F-Gas Revision in 2011
• Will focus on reduction of GWP , direct emissions of refrigerants
• Will continue to regulate leak rates and systems checks, as well as trade /
consumption / disposal / reclaim of refrigerants
• It is proposed to add a “ market driven mechanism” based on GWP of the
refrigerants .
•The idea is to take all sales of refrigerants in a “ reference year” and convert
them in CO2 equivalents , based on the GWP of the individual refrigerants.
Then , total CO2 equivalent refrigerant sales in next period would have to
decrease YOY ( regardless of the tonnage , only CO2 equivalent matters )
•The benefit is that no technology is phased out – nor mandated . This means
that the industry as a whole has freedom to operate to meeting set upon goals
in an economically sound manner
• This draft proposal from the EU Commission is supported by EFCTC and
EPEE
• A similar approach is being put in place in the US : convergence
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Low GWP Solutions based on
HFO-1234yf
HFO-1234yf
Technology
A Low GWP Refrigerant For MAC
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HFO-1234yf – Leading Low GWP Option to Replace R-134a
Jointly Developed by DuPont and Honeywell
Excellent environmental properties
• Very low GWP of 4, Zero ODP, Favorable LCCP
• Atmospheric chemistry determined and published
Low toxicity
• Low acute and chronic toxicity
System performance very similar to R-134a
• Excellent COP and Capacity, no glide
• From both internal tests and auto OEM tests
• Thermally stable and compatible with R-134a components
• Potential for direct substitution of R-134a
Mild flammability ( manageable in MAC systems )
• Flammability properties significantly better than 152a; (MIE, burning velocity, etc)
• Potential for “A2L” ISO 817 classification versus “A2” for 152a based on AIST data
• Minimal modifications for safety
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1234yf Flammability Properties
1234yf > 5000 mJ !
Ignition Source
Minimum Ignition Energy, mJ
1000
Flames.
Chemical sources.
Propagating brushes.
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Personnel
spark limit
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Mechanical sparks.
Stray current sparks.
Ungrounded conductors.
Iso-Butane
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Methane
Propane
0.1
152a
Gasoline
A glowing cigarette
Will not ignite methane
(A.D. Little)
Static discharge
from clothing
Acetylene
0.01
0
1
2
3
4
5
Lower Flame Limit, vol.%
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HFO-1234yf Status for Mobile AC
• Automakers representing 70% of EU and 70% of global vehicle
production have publicly expressed preference for HFO-1234yf
• Registrations (JCSCL, REACH, SNAP, ASHRAE, etc) on
schedule
• DuPont will make commercial decision on investment in
HFO-1234yf plant based on OEM commitments
• The EU F-Gas GWP directive for MAC is still expected to go into
effect 1 January, 2011
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Development of Blends for other Applications
• Start with the Fundamentals!
• Understand the Physical and Chemical Factors
Impacting mixture properties of Fluorocarbons
• Various Blends offering different trade offs between Flammability,
Capacity and GWP
• Dupont established already Research Projects with Industry to
identify the best options
• Account for Non Ideal Behaviors –e.g. Azeotropes
• Assumptions of Thermodynamic Ideality can lead to errors
• Measurements of Binary Pair Properties
• Validate Modeled Performance in Instrumented
Laboratory Systems
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Flammable Refrigerant Regulations In
Commercial Stationary Refrigeration and A/C
•Europe
• Stationary A/C - IEC 60335-2-40, pr EN 378-1-2007, ISO 5149-2006 - Maximum charge size
based on LFL, room size, equipment location
• Stationary Refrigeration – IEC 60335-2-89 – limit of 150 gram unrestricted. Above 150 gram
refer to EN 378 or ISO 5149 for charge size limits
• ISO 817 in progress – HFO-1234yf will be classified A2L
•USA
• Stationary A/C and Refrigeration • ASHRAE Std 15 - greater than 3 kg requires a machine room. May work to revise for
mild flammables (e.g. A2L)
• UL has a procedure for requesting addition of refrigerants to their standards and sets
specific charge limits based on flammable properties (UL 1995, UL 471)
•Japan
• No specific regulations, but must follow High Pressure Gas Law as done for R134a
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Conclusions
I) A sector in permanent transition, mainly driven by regulations
II) Role of HFCs in this changing regulatory framework:
•
HFC as an immediate solution in response to the first environmental issue
addressed by an International Agreement: ozone layer
•
In replacing HCFCs, HFCs substantially and quickly contribute to reinforce
the Ozone layer while limiting the impact on climate change;
III) HFO-1234yf has been shown to be a safe, effective refrigerant for
environmentally sustainable solutions for MAC applications
•
Excellent Potential R-134a replacement for HVACR applications
•
It is possible to develop reduced GWP blends with good capacity and COP
•
There may be trade-offs of GWP, Flammability, Performance
•
Flammability issues must be assessed for safety codes in residential and
commercial buildings
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