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Cyclical Bodily Functions
• Sleep and Wake Up Preferences
• Temperature, Blood Pressure
• Hormone Levels
Early Riser?
Late Sleeper?
25-hour Cycles
Night Owl?
Alteration of the natural 25-hour cycle to fit a 24-hour day
Infants wake to be fed every 2
hours until they entrain their
rhythms to sleep through the
night.
Problems with Circadian Rhythms:
• Shift Work (day, evening, night)
• Jet Lag
3 Reasons for Sleeping:
1. Physical and Mental Recuperation
new cell production at highest rate
chemicals replenished
2. Consolidated thoughts and experiences
high level of mental activity; nerve
cells fire 5-10X more quickly than
when awake
3. Adaptation
ancestors were quiet, not roaming,
when predators were out
SLEEP
STAGES
• 4 NREM, 1 REM
• defined based on differences in electrical activity in brain
• 90 minute cycle for all 5 stages (5-6X/night)
NREM Stages
STAGE 1
• Heart rate slows further and muscle tension decreases.
• Light sleep, still in a transition phase. Sometimes associated with increased imagery.
STAGE 2
• Body relaxes further. Stages 1 and 2 together last about 30 minutes.
• During this period a person may talk in his or her sleep.
STAGE 3
• Transition into deep sleep. Stages 3 and 4 last about 30 minutes and occur during the
first 2 to 3 sleep cycles of the night.
• Complete sleep. Somewhat difficult to awaken.
STAGE 4
• Considerable movement. Little perception of external sounds.
• Deeply asleep; most difficult to awaken in this stage.
90 minutes into sleep
cycle return quickly to
stage 1 and then begin
REM sleep. People
appear paralyzed,
except for movement
of the eyes
When awakened from REM sleep 85-90%
of people report that they were dreaming
and can recall contents of the dream.
Periods of REM are longest during the last
sleep cycles of the night.
SLEEP APNEA
• sudden, regular breathing stoppages during sleep
• associated with snoring
SLEEP WALKING
• may interact, talk with people
• occurs during NREM sleep
• no memory when awake
INSOMNIA
• difficulty falling/staying asleep
• unrefreshed even after sufficient sleep
• causes include: diet, exercise, sleep environment, worry/concern
HYPERSOMNIA
• chronic, excessive sleeping
• irresistible drowsiness, daytime napping
• difficult to wake
SIDS
• death under 1 year unexplained after investigation
• usually occurs during infant’s sleep
REM BEHAVIOR DISORDER
• act out dream activity
• can endanger self
NARCOLEPSY
• falling asleep: sudden, unpredictable, uncontrollable
• sudden loss of muscle control
• possible biological basis
NIGHT TERRORS
• NREM stage 4; terrified, eyes open but not awake
• when awakened still afraid but don’t know why
NIGHTMARES
• during REM sleep
• long, movie-like frightening dreams
Sleep-Smart Tips
Sleep is food for the brain: Get enough of it, and get it when you
need it. Even mild sleepiness can hurt your performance -- from
taking school exams to playing sports or video games. Lack of sleep
can make you look tired and feel depressed, irritable, and angry.
Establish a regular bed and wake time schedule, and maintain it
during weekends and vacations. Don't stray from your schedule
frequently, and never do so for two or more consecutive nights.
Avoid delaying your bedtime by more than one hour, awaken the
next day within two hours of your regular schedule; if you are
sleepy during the day, take an early afternoon nap.
Learn how much sleep you need to function at your best. You
should awaken refreshed, not tired. Most adolescents need
between 8.5 and 9.25 hours of sleep each night.
Get into bright light as soon as possible in the morning, but
avoid it in the evening. The light helps to signal to the brain
when it should wake up and when it should prepare to sleep.
Understand your circadian rhythm and maximize your schedule
throughout the day according to your internal clock.
Compensate for your sleepy times by participating in
stimulating activities or classes that are interactive, and avoid
lecture classes or potentially unsafe activities, including driving.
After noon, stay away from coffee, caffeinated cola, and nicotine,
which are all stimulants. Also avoid alcohol, which disrupts sleep.
Relax before going to bed. Avoid heavy reading, studying, and
computer games within one hour of going to bed. Don't fall asleep
with the television on -- flickering light and stimulating content
can inhibit restful sleep. If you work during the week, try to avoid
working night hours. If you work until 9:30 pm, for example, you
will need to plan time to "chill out" before going to sleep.
HAPPY SLEEPING…Pleasant Dreams!
DREAMS:
Our repressed desires, fears, conflicts
in symbolic or disguised form
MANIFEST CONTENT: actual dream events
LATENT CONTENT: hidden symbolic meaning
Must be interpreted in context of individual dreamer or conflict
Don’t you think these interpretations say as much about
First, Freud
the fun
ones:
as they
do about the Dreamer?
Driving
Cars, Riding
Horses, Crossing Bridges, Steps,
King
and Queen:
Parents
Ladders, Staircases:
Small
Children
SEXAnimals:
(what else,
this is Freud, after all.)
Playing
withSnakes,
Children:
Candles,
TreeMasturbation
Trunks and other elongated
objects:and Tooth Extraction: Castration
Baldness
You guessed it, the PENIS
Falling: Desiring to return to a satisfying/protected state
Boxes,
Balconies, Doors and any enclosed spaces:
(e.g.
childhood)
Another big surprise, the VAGINA
Bathing: Birth
Smooth-Fronted Houses:
Beginning
a Journey:
the MALE
BODY Dying
Naked
in with
a Crowd:
Wanting
to be Noticed
House
Ledges
and Balconies:
the FEMALE
Flying:
Wanting BODY
to be Admired
Dreams Are More Than Unconscious Wishes
2 Functions of Dreams:
PROSPECTIVE: help prepare for experiences or events
anticipated in near future
COMPENSATORY: balance opposites in psyche,
compensate for over-development in psychic structure
Dream Analysis
in Series:
uncover themes,
issues and
problems from
persistent dream
material
Repeated
association
with responses
to initial
element until
theme emerges
Develops
string of
associations
leading from
original dream
element
AMPLIFICATION vs. FREE-ASSOCIATION
He may have the
CIGAR but he’s
no FREUD!
Dream Analysis
Our dreams reveal how we
feel about current life
problems in order to help
solve those problems
Dreams are oriented
toward the PRESENT and
FUTURE, not unresolved,
past conflicts
Adler on Dreams:
• Unique to individuals; manifestation of lifestyle
• Analysis requires information about dreamer’s life
Common Interpretations:
Falling: afraid of losing self-esteem or prestige
Flying: upward striving, ambitious, wants to be above others
Both: fear of being too ambitious and failing
Chased: fear of weakness in relation to others
Naked: fear of giving self away