Transcript Document

Unit title:
Principles of light: artificial light; Daylight
factor. Photovoltaics and Biomass
Principals
Presentation title: Could domestic photovoltaics provide the
electricity needed to meet household
demand and power a family car in the uk?
Unit number:
B1
Unit date:
January 14th 2009
Presentation date: March 8th 2009
Student name:
Craig Embleton
Student number:
0750553
Seminar group:
1 (Melissa Taylor)
e-mail:
[email protected]
website:
www.greenfrontier.org
Could domestic photovoltaics
provide the electricity needed to
meet household demand and
power a family car in the UK?
Contents
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Introduction
Description of case study
Solar panels
Electric cars
Electricity generated and consumed
Summary
Conclusions
Issues
Questions
Introduction
What are the problems?
Peak oil & climate change.
• Domestic electricity in the UK responsible
for 9.57% of the nation’s CO2 emissions.
• Personal transportation responsible for
12.4% of the nation’s CO2 emissions.
Source: DUKES, 2008 & DfT, 2008
Case Study House
Location and dimensions
Latitude*
52.04 degrees
Longitude*
0.97 degrees
Inclination of roof
35 degrees
Azimuth
-30 degrees
(from South)
Area of south facing 39.1 m2
part of roof
*Source: Google Earth
Monthly solar radiation received on the
south-facing roof
5
kWh/m2
4
3
2
1
Annual Mean 3.12
0
J
F
M A M J
J
A S O N D
Source: RETscreen using data supplied by NASA
Electricity consumption
Quarter
Quarterly
Monthly
consumption consumption
kWHs
kWHs
Winter
536
179
Spring
431
144
Summer
368
123
Autumn
483
161
Total
1,818
Source: Electricity statements from Good Energy
Annual mileage driven
Total Annual Monthly
mileage
mean
(3 year mean)
7,889
657
Commuting
mileage
428
(65% of total)
Source: Ministry of Transport test certificates
SunPower 230Wp photovoltaic module
Conversion efficiency
18.5 %
Area per kWp
5.409 m2
Source: SunPower, 2008
Electric car - Pininfarina Bº (Zero)
Top speed
80 mph
Range
153 miles
Efficiency
0.1961 kWHs/mile
Source: Pininfarina, 2009
Electricity consumption and module sizing
Household
Pininfarina B°
Annual
1.818 MWHs 1.547 MWHs
electricity
(7,889 *
consumed
0.1961/1000)
Panel
area
9.3 m2
7.9 m2
required
•Total panel area required = 17.2 m2
•Area for 4 kWp installation = 22 m2
Electricity generated & consumed
by case study house (kWHs/month)
Consumed by household
Consumed by Pininfarina B0
Generated by a 4 kWp installation
600
kWHs
500
400
300
200
100
0
J
F
M A M J
J
A
S O
N D
Source: Calculated using RETscreen algorithms
Summary
A 4 kWp installation covering 22m2 of case
study house’s roof would mean the house:
• Net exporter to the grid from March to
September.
• Meets all the car’s requirements.
• Generates 852 kWHs of electricity more
than required annually.
Conclusion
Could domestic photovoltaics
provide the electricity needed to
meet household demand and
power a family car in the UK?
Yes. Easily for the case study house,
by selling to and buying back from the
national grid to compensate for
fluctuations.
Issues – Areas for improvement?
• Data taken from commercially supplied
datasheets.
• Real world independent trials necessary.
• Costs of electricity.
• Embodied energy.
• Degradation of efficiency of photovoltaics.
• Transmission losses.
Issues – What about the rest of the UK?
• Many UK houses could support a 4 kWp
photovoltaic array and over half are
orientated in a southerly direction.
However:
• The mean UK household consumes more
than twice the electricity than the case
study, and drives over a quarter more
miles.
Sources: Boyle, G 2004, National Travel Survey, 2007
& DUKES , 2008
Questions?
Bibliography
• Boyle, G. (2004). Solar Photovoltaics. In:
Boyle, G Renewable Energy. 2nd ed. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. 66-104.
• Department for Business, Enterprise &
Regulatory Reform (BERR). (2008). Digest
of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2008.
Available:
http://stats.berr.gov.uk/energystats/dukes08.p
df. Last accessed 7 February 2009.
Bibliography Continued
• Department for Transport. (2008). National
Travel Survey: 2007. Available:
http://www.dft.gov.uk/162259/162469/221412/
221531/223955/3227431/NTS2007.pdf. Last
accessed 11 February 2009.
• Department for Transport. (2008). Transport
Statistics Great Britain (TSGB), Section 3 Energy and Environment. Available:
http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatables
publications/tsgb/2008edition/section3energy
environment.pdf. Last accessed 6 February
2009.
Bibliography Continued
• NASA. (2009). NASA Surface meteorology
and Solar Energy: Locate RETScreen
Data. Available:
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse/ionp?page=globe_main.ion&app=ret&email=rets
@nrcan.gc.ca. Last accessed 15 February
2009.
• Pininfarina. (2008). B0 the Electric Car.
Available:
http://www.pininfarina.it/repository/Immagini/a
uto%20elettrica/BO%20pininfarina.pdf. Last
accessed 16 February 2009.
Bibliography Continued
• Pininfarina. (2008). Pininfarina B0 image
gallery. Available:
http://www.pininfarina.it/repository/Immagini/a
uto%20elettrica/pagina%20download/Tqa.jpg
Last accessed 16 February 2009.
• RETScreen International. (2009). RETScreen
Clean Energy Project Analysis Software
Download page. Available:
http://www.retscreen.net/ang/home.php. Last
accessed 1 February 2009.
Bibliography Continued
• SunPower. (2008). Datasheet: 230 Solar
Panel. Available:
http://www.sunpowercorp.com/Products-andServices/~/media/Downloads/for_products_s
ervices/spwr_230wh_res_en_lt_w_ra.ashx.
Last accessed 11 February 2009.