Transcript COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY OF DENTIFRICES

ORAL CARE
Zenaida B. Soriano,MS
Senior ASEAN Expert
Cosmetics
ORAL CARE PRODUCTS
1. Toothbrush
2. Dentifrice
3. Oral Rinses
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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
ORAL ENVIRONMENT
Teeth
Gingiva / Mucosa
Saliva
Plaque
Tartar
Caries
Periodontal Disease
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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
TEETH
Enamel – hard, white outer covering surrounding the crown of the tooth.
Consists of inorganic substances, calcium and phosphate.
Cementum – thin, bone-like material covering the root. Also consists of
inorganic substances.
Dentin – a yellow bone-line material under the enamel
 Provides support
 Forms bulk of tooth
 Composed of collagen (20%) and calcium phosphate (75%)
Pulp – soft tissue in the center of the crown and root
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Contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels
Produces dentin
Provides nourishment for tooth
Functions as a sensory signal of injury
Pellicle – thin salivary film covering the tooth composed of proteins and lipids
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Figure 1: Diagrammatic Sketch of the
Tooth and Periodontal Tissue
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Figure 2: The Palatal Surface of the
Upper Jaw
 A diagrammatic
representation
of palatal
surface of the
upper jaw, with
a full
complement of
permanent teeth
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Figure 3: The Maxillary Teeth
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Figure 4: The Mandibular Teeth
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Figure 5: The Deciduous Teeth
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Figure 6: The Permanent Teeth
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Table 1: Approximate Age of Tooth Eruption
TO O TH
D e c id u o u s te e th
L o w e r c e n tra l in c is o rs
U p p e r c e n tra l in c is o rs
L o w e r la te ra l in c is o rs
U p p e r la te ra l in c is o rs
F irs t m o la rs
C u s p id s
S e c o n d M o la rs
P e rm a n e n t te e th
F irs t m o la rs
C e n tra l in c is o rs
L a te ra l in c is o rs
C u s p id s
F irs t b ic u s p id s
S e c o n d b ic u s p id s
S e c o n d m o la rs
T h ird m o la rs
A G E A T E R U P T IO N
6 m o n th s
7 1 /2 m o n th s
7 m o n th s
9 m o n th s
1 2 -1 4 m o n th s
1 6 -1 8 m o n th s
2 0 -2 4 m o n th s
6 -7 ye a rs
6 -8 ye a rs
7 -9 ye a rs
9 -1 2 ye a rs
1 0 -1 2 ye a rs
1 0 -1 2 ye a rs
1 1 -1 3 ye a rs
1 7 -2 1 ye a rs
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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
GINGIVA / MUCOSA
Gingiva – dense fibrous tissue surrounding necks of teeth
 Covered by a smooth mucous membrane which bleeds easily when
penetrated
 Also called “periodontal tissue” or “gums”
Oral mucosa – “mucous membrane” lining the mouth
Peridontium - attachment apparatus consisting of
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Gingiva
Cementum
Periodontal ligament
Jawbone
Oral mucosa
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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
SALIVA
A complex fluid secreted by salivary glands containing
water, mucin, proteins, salts and enzymes.
Functions:
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aids in digestion
lubricates both hard and soft tissues
buffers cariogenic acids
forms the pellicle
provides minerals for repairing enamel / cementum
(remineralization)
 delivers antimicrobial agents (immunoglobulins, enzymes, etc.)
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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
PLAQUE
Soft sticky, invisible film constantly forming in your
mouth. Covers teeth and gums.
 Oral mucosa cells
 Saliva
 Bacteria
Can be removed by brushing and flossing.
Gram + cocci
(healthy mouth)
Gram + rods
Gram – anaerobes
(gingivitis)
Formation / progression influenced by:
 Diet
 Host immune system
 Oral environment
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Inhibition of Plaque Accumulation
In crease in M icro b ial P o p u latio n
In crease in S p ecific
M easu res P ro p o sed
1. K eep tooth clean, free of
pellicle, e.g., by toothbrushing
2. Interfere w ith bacterial
attachm ent m echanism s, e.g.,
w ith C a
2+
antagonists
In crease in To tal
B acterial
In terb acterial
N u m b ers
P o p u latio n s
Ad h esio n
1. U se broad-spectrum antibacterial agents
Introduce specific
m easures, e.g.,
vaccines
2+
A pply C a antagonists;
destroy m atrix, e.g., w ith
proteolytic enzym es
2. R em ove m echanically w ith
toothbrush, floss, etc.
3. A ttack dextran and other
adhesive bacterial secretions,
e.g., w ith dextranases
4. A lter surface of tooth by
physical-chem ical m eans
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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
TARTAR
Calcification (crystallization of minerals) on the surface
of the tooth formed mainly in the presence of plaque.
 Rough surface promotes further growth of plaque
 Stains easily (yellow / brown)
 Most prevalent near salivary glands and around necks and roots of
teeth
 Removed only by dentist
Tartar Control Agents (Pyrophosphate)
 Acts as crystal “poisons” to stop formation
 Easily degraded by oral enzymes / stabilized by fluoride and
Gantrez.
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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
CARIES
A progressively destructive, infectious disease resulting
in:
 Demineralization of enamel / cementum
 Bacterial penetration to pulp
 Formation of macroscopic activity
Sound enamel
plaque
acid prod
mineral
loss
saliva
acid neutralization
Lesions
mineral gain
(fluoride)
Cavity
Caries promotion
dietary carbohydrate
reduced salivary flow
cariogenic bacteria
Caries reduction
increased salivary flow
reduced plaque
fluoride
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COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY
OF DENTIFRICES
COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY
OF DENTIFRICES
DENTIFRICE:
A dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the
purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth
(American Dental Association)
TOOTHPASTE:
Toothpaste is a colloidal suspension of a mixture of
ingredients that must be carefully balanced in order to
provide an efficacious, safe, and consumer friendly
product
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TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENTS
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Abrasive
Binder
Humectant
Sweetener
Flavor
Surfactant
Active Ingredients
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ABRASIVE
 Function:
 Cleaning and polishing
 Characteristics:
 Solid, insoluble particles
 Abrasive
 Potential for fluoride interaction
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ABRASIVE
 Types :
 Silica
 Phosphate Salts – ie “Dical”
 Carbonates – ie Calcium Carbonate or Chalk
 Others
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Radioactive Dentin Abrasion Method
This procedure involves the use of
accelerated toothbrushing apparatus and
dentin section that contain radioactive
phosphorous. The ADA standard was set
at 100, which corresponds to RDA value of
475.
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Figure 7: In-vitro Abrasion Studies, RDA
 This photograph
shows a two-brush
model abrasion
machine, which is
used in in vitro
dentifrice abrasion
studies.
Source: Stallard, Richard E. A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry (Second Edition).
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Comparative Abrasiveness of some Commercially Available
Dentifrices as Determined by a Radioactive Dentin
Procedure
AB R AS IV IT Y
D E N T IF R IC E
M AN U F AC T U R E R
S ensodyne
V ote
P lus W hite P lus
P lus W hite
G leem II
M acleans (old form ulation)
C rest (M int and R egular)
C lose-U p
B lock D rug C o.
B ristol-M yers C o.
B ishop Industries, Inc.
B ishop Industries, Inc.
P rocter and G am ble C o.
B eecham P roducts, Inc.
P rocter and G am ble C o.
Lever B rothers C o.
P earl D rops
M acleans (new form ulation)
U ltra B rite
C olgate w ith M F P
P epsodent
C arter-W allace, Inc.
B eecham P roducts, Inc.
C olgate-P alm olive C o.
C olgate-P alm olive C o.
Lever B rothers C o.
T herm odent
C has. P fizer and C o.
P R IN C IP AL AB R AS IV E
S ilica
S ilica
D icalcium P hosphate (anhydrous)
D icalcium P hosphate (anhydrous)
C alcium P yrophosphate
C alcium C arbonate
C alcium P yrophosphate
S ilica
A lum ina and D icalcium P hosphate
(dihydrate)
D icalcium P hosphate (dihydrate)
D icalcium P hosphate (dihydrate)
Insoluble S odium M etaphosphate
D icalcium P hosphate (dihydrate)
M agnesium C arbonate (basic) and
C alcium C arbonate
IN D E X
157
134
132
110
106
93
88
87
72
68
64
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Source: Stallard, Richard E. A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry (Second Edition).
BINDER
 Function:
Used to stabilize toothpaste formulations to
prevent separation of the liquid and solid
phases
 Characteristics:
Can be natural or synthetic
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BINDER
 Types:
 Natural Polymers
 Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
 Carrageenans
 Xanthan Gum
 Synthetic Polymers
 Others
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HUMECTANT
 Function:
Used in toothpaste to prevent loss of water and
subsequent hardening of the product upon
exposure to air
 Characteristics:
Affect taste perception
Proper usage level produce a clear translucent
toothpaste
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HUMECTANT
 Types:
 Glycerine
 Sorbitol
 Polyethylene Glycol
 Xylitol
 Propylene Glycol
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SWEETENER
 Types:
 Sodium Saccharin
 Sodium Cyclamate
 Acesulfame K
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SWEETENER
 Function:
An important part of toothpaste flavoring system
 Characteristics:
Government regulations
Non-cariogenic
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FLAVOR
 Function:
Improve taste of toothpaste
 Characteristics:
One of the most important factors for consumer
A mixture of flavoring agents
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FLAVOR
 Types:
 Minty
 Fruity
 Medicinal
 Cinnamon
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Oral products have a unique and
specialized flavor requirements. To be
successful in oral products, a flavor must:
 Have a pleasant taste while brushing
 Leave a pleasant taste in your mouth after
brushing
 Be compatible with the base
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All factors being roughly equal –
“mouthfeel” appearance, perceived
therapeutic attributes, etc. – the
consumer will look to flavor as the
determinant in selecting a product for
use day after day and year after year.
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SURFACTANT
 Function:
Produce foam and aid in the removal of debris
Emulsifies flavoring agents
 Characteristics:
May react with other toothpaste components
High level may cause mucosal irritation
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SURFACTANT
 Types:
 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
 Sodium N-Lauroyl Sarcosinate
 Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate
 PEG Oil
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FLUORIDE ACTIVES
 Function:
Increase resistance to enamel solubility
 Characteristics:
Regulated by Government
Restricted usage level
Soluble fluoride ion is essential for activity
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FLUORIDE ACTIVES
 Types:
 Sodium Fluoride
NaF
 Sodium Monofluorophosphate
MFP
 Stannous Fluoride
SnF2
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Anticaries Dentifrices:
FDA Tentative Final Monograph
An ticaries activ e ag en ts
(categ o ry I)
P ackag e size lim itatio n
S odium fluoride, 0.22%
S odium m onofluorophosphate, 0.76%
S tannous fluoride, 0.4%
P ack age shall not contain m ore than 260 m g total fluorine per pack age
Id en tity (lab elin g )
C ontains established nam e of drug; identifies product as "anticavity",
"fluoride", "dentifrice", or "toothpaste", as appropriate
In d icatio n s
W arn in g s
D irectio n s
A ids in the prevention of dental caries or cavities or decay (as deem ed
appropriate by the m anufacturer); m isleading statem ents not perm itted
N one required for dentifrices
"A dults and children 2 years of age and older; brush teeth thoroughly at
least once daily or as directed by a dentist. C hildren under 6 years of age
should be supervised in the use of this product." A lso for stannous fluoride
dentifrices, "T his product m ay produce surface staining of the teeth.
A dequate toothbrushing m ay prevent these stains w hich are not harm ful or
perm anent and m ay be rem oved by your dentist."
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OTHER ACTIVES
 Tartar
Polyphosphates
Zinc Citrate
 Plaque / Gingivitis
Triclosan
SnF2
Chlorhexidine
Zinc Citrate
 Desensitizer
Potassium Nitrate
 Whitening
Calcium Peroxide
Hydrogen Peroxide
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TYPICAL COMPOSITION
Ingredients
Humectants
Water
Binders
Abrasive
Flavor
Sweetener
Surfactant
Fluoride
Weight %
60 – 20
0 – 50
0 – 12
18 – 50
0.5 – 2.0
0.2 – 1.0
0.5 – 2.0
0.2 – 1.2
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U.S. FORMULA COMPARISON
In g re d ie n ts
H u m e c ta n ts
B in d e rs
C o lg a te
P&G
U n ile v e r
SKB
G lyce rin
G lyce rin
G lyce rin
G lyce rin
S o rb ito l
S o rb ito l
S o rb ito l
S o rb ito l
PEG
PEG
PEG
PEG
CMC
X a n th a n
CMC
CMC
C a rra g e e n a n
C a rb o p o l
C a rra g e e n a n
X a n th a n
A b ra s ive
S ilica
S ilica
S ilica
D ica l
PCC
S ilica
PCC
F la vo r
M in t
M in t
M in t
M in t
S w e e te n e r
S a cch a rin
S a cch a rin
S a cch a rin
S a cch a rin
S u rfa c ta n t
SLS
SLS
SLS
SLS
F lu o rid e
NaF
NaF
SnF2
NaF
M FP
M FP
M FP
SnF2
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TOOTHPASTE CONSIDERATIONS
 Safety
 Efficacy
 Consumer Friendly
 Pleasing taste
 Ease of use
 Pleasing appearance
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PRODUCT CRITERIA
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Minimum one year shelf life
Easily dispensable
Compatible with the package
Efficacious
Safe
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MOUTHWASHES or
ORAL RINSES
Ingredients of Dentifrices and Oral Rinses
D e n trifric e
T h e ra p e u tic a g e n t(s )
A b ra s iv e
S u rfa c ta n t(s )
H u m e c ta n t(s )
F la v o r
T h ic k e n e r(s )
C o lo rin g
W a te r
O ra l R in s e
T h e ra p e u tic a g e n t(s )
S u rfa c ta n t(s )
H u m e c ta n t(s )
F la v o r
E th a n o l
C o lo rin g
W a te r
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Mouthwash Components
In g re d ie n t
F u n c tio n
A lc o h o l
A d d s b ite a n d fre s h n e s s . E n h a n c e s fla v o r im p a c t.
H e lp s s o lu b ilize s o m e fla v o r c o m p o n e n ts . C o n trib u te s
to c le a n s in g a c tio n a n d a n tib a c te ria l a c tiv ity.
F la v o r
M a k e s m o u th w a s h p le a s a n t to u s e . A d d s a re fre s h in g ,
c o o l q u a lity to o ra l c a v ity im m e d ia te ly a n d fo r s o m e
tim e a fte r u s e . M a k e s b re a th te m p o ra rily p le a s a n t b y
im p o s in g a p le a s a n t n o te o v e r b re a th a ro m a . S o m e
fla v o rs e x e rt s ig n ific a n t a n tib a c te ria l e ffe c t.
H u m e c ta n t
A d d s "b o d y" to p ro d u c t, in h ib its c rys ta lliza tio n a ro u n d
c lo s u re .
S u rfa c ta n t
U s e d fo r s o lu b iliza tio n o f fla v o r. P ro v id e s fo a m in g
a c tio n . A s s is ts re m o v a l o f o ra l d e b ris b y lo w e rin g
s u rfa c e te n s io n . C a n b e a n tib a c te ria l. (S e le c tio n is
c ritic a l in a n tib a c te ria l m o u th w a s h e s ; m u s t b e
c o m p a tib le w ith a n tib a c te ria l a c tiv e .)
W a te r
M a jo r v e h ic le to c a rry o th e r in g re d ie n ts .
S p e c ia l in g re d ie n ts :
A n tib a c te ria l a g e n t
T o e n h a n c e a n tib a c te ria l e ffic a c y.
A s trin g e n t s a lts
C h lo ro p h yllin s
F lu o rid e
C a n in te ra c t w ith p ro te in s o f s a liv a a n d o ra l m u c o s a .
F o r to p ic a l d e o d o riza tio n .
A n tic a rie s a g e n t.
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Thank You