Transcript Presentazione di PowerPoint

“The current and future role of SRF
(Solid Recovered Fuel)
in the European Waste Management
Industry”
Cologne, 26 October 2006
TABLE OF CONTENT
1)
Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF): definition / drivers
2)
SRF: composition and uses
3)
Requirements of industrial users of SRF: need for standardization of SRF / future
work of CEN/TC 343 SRF
4)
European overview: SRF market potential / SRF market production
5)
European overview:
a) Finland
b) Germany
c) Austria
d) Italy
6)
The future SRF under a European perspective (Thematic Strategy)
7)
Conclusions: benefits of SRF in the European context
1) SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel) : definition
The Landfill Directive requires diversion of
biodegradable waste from landfill. Some
member States have already implemented a
“ban” for combustible waste or “organic
waste” in landfill.
Other recovery options for mixed
combustible waste are limited. Direct
incineration plants are well suited for large
cities but their permitting procedure is
difficult and time consuming.
SRF
SRF is a solid fuel prepared from non-hazardous waste, meeting the classification and
specification requirements of CEN-TS15359.
The SRF is processed, homogenised and up-graded to a quality that can be traded amongst
producers and users.
SRF is a tradable and storable fuel that, depending on quality, can be used with a high
electricity efficiency.
The use of SRF saves other resources, it contributes to the EU strategy “Security of Energy
Supply” and helps achieve the Kyoto targets in terms of avoided CO2 emissions.
1) SRF: drivers*
INDUSTRY ISSUES
DRIVERS
SOLUTION PROVIDED BY SRF
Diversion biomass
MSW, with its biomass content, is
not disposed in landfill, but
recovered as energy
Renewable Energy
Sources (RES) Directive
Biomass content
Energy production through SRF
co-firing contributes to reach the
Directive targets
Best Available Practice
Energy/climate change
(Emission Trading
Directive)
1 ton of SRF (through its
production from MSW and its cofiring ) reduces emissions of CO2
by not less than 1 ton CO2 **
Oil/gas/coal, CO2
SRF has the lowest production
cost amongst RES and
lowers electricity production costs
Landfill Directive
Energy cost
* Source ERFO – European Recovered Fuel Organisation: “SRF Markets”, March 2006.
** Average value of CO2 saving, to be validated case by case by applying the specific methodology set by CEN. In Italy
tests on significative samples, certified by external body (Stazione Sperimentale Combustibili) , showed a reduction of
1,75 tonCO2 for 1 ton of SRF.
2) SRF: composition and uses
Derived from
 dry fraction from Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW)
 chlorine-free plastic waste
and rubber
In order to deliver
Solid Recovered Fuel
(SRF)
 dry fraction from Industrial
waste
 high and constant quality
(High Quality SRF)
 calorific value close to coal levels
(more than 5.000 kcal/kg,
i.e. 22.000 kjoule/kg)
SRF potential uses
DIRECT USE
 COAL
 PETCOKE
 LIGNITE
Using in conjunction with coal and
petcoke in:
 Coalfired power plants (10%)
 Cement kilns (over 40%)
 CHP ind. Boilers (12%)
Uses of
SRF
 COAL
VIA GASIFICATION
 GAS
 ORIMULSION
Using in conjunction as syn-gas
in power plants (10%)
3) REQUIREMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL USERS OF SRF:
Need for standardization of SRF
At present recovered fuels are still considered wastes, under the
European laws and in the majority of European countries.
In order to simplify trade, standardized SRF should be at least qualified
for the notification’s procedure of the Basel ”green list”. Although the
costs for re-permitting under the Waste Incineration Directive (WID)
are moderate, combustion plants do not want to be labelled as “waste
incinerators”.
The present proposal for the revision of the Waste Framework Directive
(WFD) and a proposal for a European Biomass Action Plan (BAP)
include elements by which “the use of waste as a fuel may be made
easier”.
European standards for the clustering of SRF may be used to tackle this
important issue.
3) REQUIREMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL USERS OF SRF:
Future work of CEN/TC 343
The technical specifications (TSs) proposed by CEN/TC 343 were
approved by unanimous vote and were published in 2006.
TSs validation is under way in the EU funded project QUOVADIS. A
third dissemination workshop was organized in June 2006. First results
will be available by end 2006.
Once validated, TSs will be subject to public enquiry which will put
TC343 in the position to upgrade and finalize the European Norm (EN).
The upgrading will take 1 to 3 years, depending on the outcome of the
public enquiry (and the status of the Waste Framework Directive-WFD
and Biomass Action Plan-BAP).
4) EUROPEAN OVERVIEW: SRF market potential
By assuming a 10% substitution rate in power plants, SRF market
potential (*) in EU15 amounts to 57 mio t/y, with:
avoided CO2 up 100 mio t/y
a saving of fossil fuels
around 30 Mtep/y
a turnover of around 14 billion € per year.
* The potential market value has been calculated considering:
- a gate fee equal to 100 €/ton MSW, that is roughly equivalent to a gate fee of 200 €/ton SRF
- a SRF price equal to 20 €/ton SRF for cement kilns and CHP, and 60 €/ton SRF for power plants
4) EUROPEAN OVERVIEW: SRF market potential*
fossil fuel
potential market
substitution by
EU15
HQ-SRF
(Mio ton SRF/year)
%
Plant type
potential market
value EU15
(Mio €)
ERFO SCENARIO *
Cement kilns
15/30
3,5 - 7
770 - 1540
Power plants
2/4
6,5 - 13
1.690 - 3.380
17
3740
6.200 - 8.660
CHP ind. boilers
tot
27 - 37
SCENARIO WITH POWER
PLANTS @ 10%
Power plants
10
tot
33
54 - 57
avoided emissions of CO2 (Mton/y)
94 - 100
saving of fossil fuels (Mtep/y)
27 - 29
8580
13.100 - 13.860
* Source ERFO – European Recovered Fuel Organisation: “SRF: achieving environmental and energy-related goals markets”, June 2006 (estimates refer to SRF derived from High Calorific
Fraction of MSW, bulky waste, mixed commercial waste and from production specific wastes)
4) EUROPEAN OVERVIEW: SRF current production*
Data on current production and use show that SRF has been, so far, not extensively
exploited as an option for MSW management. In particular, SRF use has so far been
quite limited in power plants given the lack of market power of Low Quality SRF.
O v e r v ie w
SRF
P r o d u c tio n
2005
P la n ts
N um ber
SRF
k t/a
C em ent
k t/a
P ow er
p la n t
h a rd
coal
k t/a
P ow er
p la n t
lig n ite
k t/a
CHP
k t/a
A u s tr ia
B e l g iu m
D e n m a rk
F in la n d
F ra n c e
G e rm a n y
>10
5
1
21
0
29
600
100
12
300
0
17002200
130
100
50
9001200
500600
S ee
h a rd c o a l
200300
G re e c e
Ita l y
N e th e r la n d s
9
49
8
200?
180
0
50
0
0
0
40
0
P o r tu g a l
S p a in
S w eden
UK
to ta l
3
0
12
4
200
1000
300400
?
0
?
100
40005000
M SW I
k t/a
B la s t
fu rn a c e
k t/a
E x p o rt
k t/a
250
220
?
-?
0
0
-5 0
50100
300
1300?
100
400
0
0
0
300400
0
0
-?
0
* Source ERFO – European Recovered Fuel Organisation: “SRF: achieving environmental and energy-related goals markets”, June 2006. (estimates refer to SRF
Calorific Fraction of MSW, bulky waste, mixed commercial waste and from production specific wastes )
derived from High
5) EUROPEAN OVERVIEW: AUSTRIA
SRF Technical Standard
Guidelines - finalized end 2006 - for waste fuel issued by the Federal
Ministry of Agricolture, Forestry, Environment & Water Management (on
the basis of the CEN/TC 343):
- determine the state of the art for the disposal in different incineration
plants
- set emission thresholds (related to the different plants) for the content of
specific pollutants
- describe sampling and sample preparation of waste fuel
a) AUSTRIA: SRF Market potential *
Recovery of waste fuels (SRF, waste fuels and waste wood) :
CEMENT INDUSTRY
274.000 t/y
PULP- PAPERINDUSTRY
797.000 t dry substance /y
CHIP- AND FIBREBOARD INDUSTRY
348.000 t dry substance/y
POWER PLANTS
Approx. 100.000 t/y
BLAST FURNACE
Planned 220.000 t/y
INDUSTRIAL INCINERATION PLANTS
(equipped like MSW incineration plants)
500.000 t/y
* Source: interview to representatives of the Federal Ministry of Agricolture, Forestry, Environment & Water Management (2006).
5) EUROPEAN OVERVIEW: FINLAND
SRF Technical Standard
The National Standard defines the procedure and requirements, by which the quality of
recovered fuel, produced for the purpose of energy recovery from source-separated waste,
can be controlled and reported unambiguously.
CHARACTERISTICS
UNIT
REPORTING
PRECISION
1
Chlorine (dry material)
% (m/m)
2
Sulphur (dry material)
3
TOPIC
QUALITY CLASS
I
II
III
0,01
< 0,15
< 0,50
< 1,50
% (m/m)
0,01
< 0,20
< 0,30
< 0,50
Nitrogen (dry material)
% (m/m)
0,01
< 1,00
< 1,50
< 2,50
4
Potassium and sodium (dry mat.)
% (m/m)
0,01
< 0,20
< 0,40
< 0,50
5
Aluminium (met.) for dry mat.
% (m/m)
0,01
1)
2)
3)
6
Mercury (dry material)
mg/kg
0,1
< 0,1
< 0,2
< 0,5
7
Cadmium (dry material)
mg/kg
0,1
< 1,0
< 4,0
< 5,0
1) metallic aluminium is not allowed, but is accepted within the limits of reporting precision
2) metallic aluminium is minimized by source-separation and by the fuel production process
3) metallic aluminium content is agreed separately
b) FINLAND: SRF Market potential
600000
500000
500.000 t
417.000 t
tons
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
2004
PDF (package)
2005
2006
demolition wood (out of WID)
About 10 fluid bed boilers continue to use SRF under WID.
The demand and production of SRF will increase in the coming years.
5) EUROPEAN OVERVIEW: GERMANY
SRF Market potential
By assuming a 3-4% substitution rate in power plants, HQ-SRF market potential in Germany
amounts to 16,4 mio t/y, with avoided CO2 up 16 mio t/y, with a saving of fossil fuels
around 8 Mtep/y.
Plant type
Cement kilns
Power plants
CHP ind. boilers
tot
Power plants
fossil fuel
potential market
substitution by
Germany
HQ-SRF
(Mio ton SRF/year)
%
40
2/4
1,4
1,0 - 2,0
5
7,4 - 8,4
SCENARIO INCLUDING ALL
POWER PLANTS @ 3/4%
3/4
10,0
tot
16,4
avoided emissions of CO2 (Mton/y)
28,7
saving of fossil fuels (Mtep/y)
8,2
c) GERMANY: RAL system for SRF* quality assurance
Process Chain
QA chain
Acceptance area
Input control
Positive sorting of HCF
(High Calorific Fraction)
Process control
SRF production
Process control
SRF storage
Product control: internal
and external
* Source REMONDIS, 2005
This system,
certified with ISO
9001, lead to a
SRF controlled
production
verified with the
RAL system.
c) GERMANY: example of quality control*
Sampling behind last step
of size reduction
Delivery to the customer
* Source REMONDIS, 2005
Regular sampling
during production
Single samples are combined to
500-t-mixed-samples
c) GERMANY: some experiences of SRF co-firing*
•
•
•
•
Hard coal, RWE Gerstein, 220 kt/a
Lignite, Vattenfall Jänschwalde, 400 kt/a
Lignite, RWE Berrenrath, 70 kt/a
Cement kiln: operations of many use 900 - 1200 kt/a
in Germany
• CHP, Neumünster, 150 kt/a
* Source ERFO, 2006
5) EUROPEAN OVERVIEW: ITALY
HQ-SRF under the Italian Legislation
 SRF for standard use in dedicated plant is classified as special waste
 The HQ-SRF, utilized in co-firing in power plants and cement kilns, is classified
as fuel
 In proportion to its fraction of biomass, SRF is also a renewable energy source
(RES)
 SRF and HQ-SRF benefit of the Italian incentives schemes designed for electricity
produced from RES
The Thematic Strategy
The current WFD
(Waste Framework
Directive)
THE ITALIAN HQ-SRF
LEGISLATION IS IN LINE
WITH UE LAWS AND DECREE
The ECJ (European
Courts of Justice)
rulings
The material End of Waste - criteria set out by new WFD proposal (Art. 11)
d) ITALY: SRF Technical Standard
The chemical-physical properties of the HQ-SRF and the normal grade SRF as per Italian Standards (UNI 9903)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
HIGH-GRADE SRF
UNDER ITALIAN LEGISLATION
NORMAL SRF UNDER
ITALIAN LEGISLATION
Physical Aspect
Size
mm
L.H.V.°
Kj/kg a.r. (as received)
> 20.000
> 15.000*
Umidity
as received
< 18%
< 25%
Cl
d.m. (dry matter)
< 0,7%
< 0,9%*
S
d.m.
< 0,3%
< 0,6%*
Ash
d.m.
< 15%
< 20%
Cr
mg/kg d.m.
< 70
< 100
Cu
mg/kg d.m.
< 50
< 300
Mn
mg/kg d.m.
< 200
< 400
Ni
mg/kg d.m.
< 30
< 40
As
mg/kg d.m.
<5
<9
Cd
mg/kg d.m.
<3
Hg
mg/kg d.m.
<1
Pb
mg/kg d.m.
< 100
<7
< 200
- A proposed European Norm for the standardization of SRF is expected to be edited soon by CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation) for a validation program.
- The proposal - that will be published as Technical Specification (TS) is the result of the activity of a specific technical committee (CEN-TC343) appointed by the
European Commission for the purpose.
- During the validation time (three years) and until the final approval of the European Norm (EN) each member state can apply its national standard
d) ITALY: SRF Market potential
Nothwithstanding limited coal usage in Italy, the potential of the HQ-SRF’s utilisation in
existing plants (cement kilns and power plants) could allow to recover up to 10 milion tons of
MSW (50% of MSW currently disposed of in landfill).
4.896 t
HQ SRF
in cement kilns
HQ-SRF co-firing scenario
10% thermal substituion in power plants,
i.e. existing coal fired power plants
+ new coal fired units located in Vado
Ligure (Savona) and Monfalcone (Gorizia)
+ coal repowering of power plant located
in Civitavecchia (Rome) and further units
located in Fusina (Venice).
2.400 t
compost
4.800 t
material
recovery
2.760 t
incineration
4.972 t
HQ SRF
in power plants
Existing cement kilns (40% of thermal
substituition)
10.172 t
landfill
The co-firing of HQ-SRF could also allow:
 avoidance of the emission of about 9,2 Million Tons of CO2 per year (about 10% of the
“Kyoto Protocol” targets)
 production of electricity from Renewable Energy Sources for about 5 TWh/year (23% of
the gap remaining to reach the objective under Directive 2001/77/CE)
d) ITALY: some experiences
• Cement kiln, Buzzi-Unicem (Cuneo)
- 2 Mt/a clinker
- 40 kt/a* SRF substitution rate 20%
20 kt/a of HQ-SRF, with the full recovery of MSW locally produced
20 kt/a of SRF from commercial/industrial waste
• Hard coal, Enel Fusina (Venezia), group 3 = 320 Mwe,
- 35 kt/a** of SRF, with a partial recovery of MSW locally produced
•With a potential quantity of other 70 kt/a, subject to autorizhation
•** Group 4 is available for an equivalent amount, subject to autorizhation
d) ITALY: example of SRF production and use*
Dry fraction loading
High-grade SRF co-firing
in cement kiln
* Source I.d.e.a. GRANDA, 2006
High-grade SRF
Discharging and dosing
d) ITALY: the reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions
recorded at the chimney stack of the plant
6) THE FUTURE SRF UNDER A
EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE
The Thematic Strategy aims, inter alia, at:
 promoting recovery of waste
 increasing the resource efficiency
 reducing the negative environmental impact of use of natural resources
 developing common reference standard for recycling and recovery
moving towards a recycling and recovery society (i.e. moving up the
hierarchy, away from landfill and more and more to recycling and recovery
 introducing a life-cycle thinking into waste policy
6) THE FUTURE SRF UNDER A
EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE
SRF

is the result of a recovery process

complies with standards (national and European, when available) and aims
at reducing the environmental impacts both of waste cycle and industrial
plants that use it

is a product usable, with economic value, only and exclusively if compliant
with standards and used in certain industrial plants

is produced and used in compliance with applicable legislation (e.g.
WID/IPPC)

substitutes natural resources (fossil fuels)

LCA is positive
SRF complies with Thematic Strategy
7) CONCLUSIONS:
In the European arena, the use of SRF allows benefits like:
 Achieving goals of the Thematic Strategy
 Saving of natural resources / substitution of fossil fuel
 Compliance with ECJ rulings
 Achieving targets of the Kyoto Protocol (avoiding CO2 emissions) and of
European Renewable Energies’ legislation (due to biogenic content of SRF)
 Achieving recycling and reduction targets for biodegradable materials
going to landfill
Since mid 2006 Tecnhical Specifications (TSs) are available to describe SRF
under a technical profile.
It is high time for a European common policy in order to provide
each Member State with a common “level playing field”.