Transcript Linguistics II LI2023
L I 2 0 1 3
M
ORPHOLOGY
N A T H A L I E F . M A R T I N
Table of Content
At the end of this chapter you will know: Morphemes Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes Derivation Inflection Phenomenon/Processes Compounding Morphophonemics
Morphemes
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F R E E , B O U N D M O R P H E M E S A L L O M O R P H S
Morphology Morphology: The analysis of word .
The system of categories and rules involved in ______________ and ___________
Main Divisions of Word Classes (Parts of Speech): Content Words Function Words Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions Prepositions Articles (or det.) Pronouns
Word and Morpheme Word: the smallest ___________ Word complex simple and E.g. Morpheme: the smallest _________ ______ Morpheme bound E.g. free and
Analysing Word Structure
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R O O T , A F F I X B A S E A F F I X :
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prefix, suffix, infixes
Affixation Prefix: An affix that is attached to the _____ ___ of a base, Ex. Suffix: An affix that is attached to the _______ of a base.
Ex.
Affixation Infix: An affix that occur __________ a base Ex. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung.
Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached to ________________ of a base simultaneously Ex.(in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an.
Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.
-able
-ing
-ish
-ize
Examples of English Affixes Anti Ex Re In-
SUFFIXOCATING !!!
Can you find the different affixes in this cartoon?
What are the meanings of each?
Derivation
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E N G L I S H D E R I V A T I O N A L A F F I X E S C O M P L E X D E R I V A T I O N C O N S T R A I N T S I N D E R I V A T I O N T W O C L A S S E S O F D E R I V A T I O N A L A F F I X E S
Derivation An affixational process that forms a word with a __________ and/or _________ _ _________ from that of it’s base.
Ex:
Examples of English Derivational Affixes
See pages 117.
Derivation Illustrated through trees: N V treat Af ment A V Af modern ize
Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme -ic -ly : Noun : Adj Adj Adv -ate : Noun -ity : Adj Verb Noun -ship : Noun Noun re : Verb Verb ; alcohol ; exact alcoholic exactly ; vaccin ; active vaccinate activity ; friend friendship ; cover recover
Complexe Derivations Words with several layers of structure Activation: N V A V Act Af ive Af ate Af ion
Constraints on Derivation The suffix –ant Contest contestant Defend defendant Hunt *Huntant Hunter WHY?
The suffix
–ant
can combine only with ____________________ .
Constraints on Derivation
The suffix –en white dark whiten darken green *greenen WHY?
The suffix
–en
can combine only a ___________ base that ends in an obstruent (pp. 149 –150).
How about
large
?
largen
?
The suffix
–en
can combine only a ___________ ________ base that ends in an _________ (Kwary, 2004).
Inflection
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I N F L E C T I O N I N F L E C T I O N S I N E N G L I S H
Inflection The modification of a word’s form to _________ the __________________ to which it belongs Ex:
English Inflectional Morphemes
Nouns –s –’s Verbs –s –ed –en –ing plural possessive third person singular present past tense past participle progressive Adjectives –er comparative –est superlative
Inflection vs. derivation
Derivation vs. Inflection (1)
It changes the ______ and/or the ____ of meaning of the word, so it is said to create ____ __ _____ .
Ex. It does not change either the _____ _ _______ or the ____ _________ found in the word.
Ex.
Derivation vs. Inflection (2)
A derivational affix must combine with the base _____ an inflectional affix.
e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighbourhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighbourshood
Derivation vs. Inflection (3)
An inflectional affix in more ___________ than a derivational affix.
e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun.
On the other hand, the derivational suffix
–ant
Latinate bases.
can combine only with
Word Formation
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C O M P O U N D I N G C O N V E R S I O N C L I P P I N G B L E N D S B A C K F O R M A T I O N A C R O N Y M S O N O M A T O P O E I A E P O N Y M S
1. Compounding
Definition: Two or more words
___________________
to form a new word. Examples:
Properties of compounds 1.
1.
Properties of compounds Lexical category 2.
Stress 3.
Plural
Endocentric vs Exocentric Compounds Note: The meaning of a compound is not always _____________________________ . Coconut oil Olive oil oil made from coconuts.
Baby oil blue-movies blue-chip oil made from olives.
2. Conversion
Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new ____________________ .
Examples: butter (N) to butter the bread permit (V) an entry permit empty (A) to empty the litter-bin
Verbing Taking Nouns and Adjectives and using them as verbs (and conjugating them).
3. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a ___________ by ______________________ Examples:
4. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but _____ _______________ are deleted.
Examples:
Is this a blend?
Case Study: Blends or Compunds
‘Wild-haired revolutionaries like Che Guevara have been replaced by clean-cut metrosexual icons like soccer star David Beckham and musician Ricky Martin.’ (cbsnews.com, 25th November 2003).
‘No botox for the Retrosexual. No $1,000 haircuts. The retrosexual man eats red meat heartily and at times kills it himself.’ (The Washington Dispatch, 2nd May 2004).
Another recent coinage borne out of the current preoccupation with male stereotyping is the noun and adjective technosexual. (Macmillan Online, January 2005).
5. Back-formations
Definition: a process that creates a new word by __________ a _______________ from another word in the language.
Examples: editor (1649) edit (1791) television (1907) televise (1927)
6. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the ______ of several words Examples: severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus SCUBA
7. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to __________ the thing that they name.
English Japanese Tagalog Indonesian
Cock-a-doo Kokekokko Kuk-kakauk Kukuruyuk Meow Nya Niyaw Meong
8. Eponyms
Definition: Words derived from ______________________ .
Examples:
Morphophonemics
Morphophonemics “Pronunciation can be sensitive to ______________ factors” Example: English Plural Allomorphs pronounsed: /-s/, /-z/, / əz / The pronunciation of the suffix « –s » depends on the phonetic context. Ex: www.pearsoned.ca/ogrady