L I 2 0 1 3

M

ORPHOLOGY

N A T H A L I E F . M A R T I N

Table of Content

At the end of this chapter you will know:  Morphemes    Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes Derivation Inflection    Phenomenon/Processes Compounding Morphophonemics

Morphemes

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F R E E , B O U N D M O R P H E M E S A L L O M O R P H S

Morphology  Morphology:  The analysis of word .

 The system of categories and rules involved in ______________ and ___________

  Main Divisions of Word Classes (Parts of Speech): Content Words Function Words  Nouns    Verbs Adjectives Adverbs     Conjunctions Prepositions Articles (or det.) Pronouns

Word and Morpheme  Word: the smallest ___________  Word  complex simple and  E.g.  Morpheme: the smallest _________ ______  Morpheme  bound  E.g. free and

Analysing Word Structure

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R O O T , A F F I X B A S E A F F I X :

1.

prefix, suffix, infixes

Affixation  Prefix: An affix that is attached to the _____ ___ of a base,  Ex.  Suffix: An affix that is attached to the _______ of a base.

 Ex.

Affixation  Infix: An affix that occur __________ a base  Ex. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung.

 Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached to ________________ of a base simultaneously  Ex.(in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an.

 Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.



-able



-ing



-ish



-ize

Examples of English Affixes  Anti  Ex  Re  In-

SUFFIXOCATING !!!

  Can you find the different affixes in this cartoon?

What are the meanings of each?

Derivation

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E N G L I S H D E R I V A T I O N A L A F F I X E S C O M P L E X D E R I V A T I O N C O N S T R A I N T S I N D E R I V A T I O N T W O C L A S S E S O F D E R I V A T I O N A L A F F I X E S

Derivation  An affixational process that forms a word with a __________ and/or _________ _ _________ from that of it’s base.

 Ex:

Examples of English Derivational Affixes 

See pages 117.

Derivation  Illustrated through trees: N V treat Af ment A V Af modern ize

Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme       -ic -ly : Noun  : Adj  Adj Adv -ate : Noun  -ity : Adj  Verb Noun -ship : Noun  Noun re : Verb  Verb ; alcohol  ; exact  alcoholic exactly ; vaccin  ; active  vaccinate activity ; friend  friendship ; cover  recover

Complexe Derivations Words with several layers of structure  Activation: N V A V Act Af ive Af ate Af ion

Constraints on Derivation  The suffix –ant Contest  contestant Defend  defendant Hunt  *Huntant  Hunter WHY?

The suffix

–ant

can combine only with ____________________ .

Constraints on Derivation

 The suffix –en white  dark  whiten darken green  *greenen WHY?

The suffix

–en

can combine only a ___________ base that ends in an obstruent (pp. 149 –150).

How about

large

?



largen

?

The suffix

–en

can combine only a ___________ ________ base that ends in an _________ (Kwary, 2004).

Inflection

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2 .

I N F L E C T I O N I N F L E C T I O N S I N E N G L I S H

Inflection  The modification of a word’s form to _________ the __________________ to which it belongs  Ex:

English Inflectional Morphemes

Nouns –s –’s Verbs –s –ed –en –ing plural possessive third person singular present past tense past participle progressive Adjectives –er comparative –est superlative

Inflection vs. derivation

Derivation vs. Inflection (1)

 It changes the ______ and/or the ____ of meaning of the word, so it is said to create ____ __ _____ .

Ex.  It does not change either the _____ _ _______ or the ____ _________ found in the word.

Ex.

Derivation vs. Inflection (2)

 A derivational affix must combine with the base _____ an inflectional affix.

e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighbourhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighbourshood

Derivation vs. Inflection (3)

 An inflectional affix in more ___________ than a derivational affix.

e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun.

On the other hand, the derivational suffix

–ant

Latinate bases.

can combine only with

Word Formation

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C O M P O U N D I N G C O N V E R S I O N C L I P P I N G B L E N D S B A C K F O R M A T I O N A C R O N Y M S O N O M A T O P O E I A E P O N Y M S

1. Compounding

 

Definition: Two or more words

___________________

to form a new word. Examples:

Properties of compounds 1.

1.

Properties of compounds Lexical category 2.

Stress 3.

Plural

Endocentric vs Exocentric Compounds Note: The meaning of a compound is not always _____________________________ .  Coconut oil  Olive oil  oil made from coconuts.

  Baby oil  blue-movies   blue-chip   oil made from olives.

2. Conversion

 Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new ____________________ .

 Examples: butter (N)  to butter the bread permit (V)  an entry permit empty (A)  to empty the litter-bin

Verbing Taking Nouns and Adjectives and using them as verbs (and conjugating them).

3. Clipping

  Definition: Shortening a ___________ by ______________________ Examples:

4. Blends

  Definition: Similar to compounds, but _____ _______________ are deleted.

Examples:

Is this a blend?

Case Study: Blends or Compunds

   ‘Wild-haired revolutionaries like Che Guevara have been replaced by clean-cut metrosexual icons like soccer star David Beckham and musician Ricky Martin.’ (cbsnews.com, 25th November 2003).

‘No botox for the Retrosexual. No $1,000 haircuts. The retrosexual man eats red meat heartily and at times kills it himself.’ (The Washington Dispatch, 2nd May 2004).

Another recent coinage borne out of the current preoccupation with male stereotyping is the noun and adjective technosexual. (Macmillan Online, January 2005).

5. Back-formations

  Definition: a process that creates a new word by __________ a _______________ from another word in the language.

Examples:  editor (1649)  edit (1791)  television (1907)  televise (1927)

6. Acronyms

  Definition: Words derived from the ______ of several words Examples:   severe acute respiratory syndrome  SARS Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus  SCUBA

7. Onomatopoeia

 Definition: Words created to __________ the thing that they name.

English Japanese Tagalog Indonesian

Cock-a-doo Kokekokko Kuk-kakauk Kukuruyuk Meow Nya Niyaw Meong

8. Eponyms

  Definition: Words derived from ______________________ .

Examples:

Morphophonemics

Morphophonemics  “Pronunciation can be sensitive to ______________ factors”  Example: English Plural  Allomorphs pronounsed: /-s/, /-z/, / əz /   The pronunciation of the suffix « –s » depends on the phonetic context. Ex:  www.pearsoned.ca/ogrady