Transcript Massive Test Prep, Part 3

Massive Test Prep, Part 2
7th Grade World History
A. Roman Empire
a.Strengths
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i.
Citizenship
ii.
Roman Law – 12 Tables
iii.
Roman Art – paintings & sculptures
iv.
Architecture – columns, pillars, arches, the
Colosseum, temples, the Pantheon
– v.
Engineering – aqueducts, roads
– vi.
Philosophy – incorporation of Greek &
Latin ideas (classics)
– vii.
Religion – Christianity
A. Roman Empire
b. WEAKNESSES
i. Barbarian Invasions
ii. Decline in Morals & Values
iii.Environmental & Public Health Problems
iv. Excessive Military Spending to Defend the Empire
v. Inferior technology
vi.Inflation (an increase in prices)
vii. Political Corruption
viii. Rise in Christianity
ix.Unemployment
x. Urban decay
c. Restructuring
i. CONSTANTINOPLE – new capital
B. Islam
a. Muhammad – spread religion of Islam
throughout the area of the Arabian Peninsula
i. Visited by angel Gabriel told to recite “there is no
God but Allah” (monotheistic religion – belief in
only 1 God)
ii. These revelations are recorded in the verses of the
Qur’an, or Koran
B. Islam
b. The Sunna were the guiding rules for Islam
i. The most basic of these rules were the 5 Pillars
1. Shahada – profession of faith “there is no GOD…
2. Salat – prayer, towards Mecca 5 times a day
3. Zakat – almsgiving or welfare contribution
4. Sawm – fasting during Ramadan
5. Hajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca
ii. Other Islamic laws forbid gambling, alcohol, the use of
illegal substances, and eating pork and other ‘unclean’
foods. Modesty in the style of clothes, particularly for
women, is also important in Islamic tradition
B. Islam
c. 2 branches Main Branches of Islam
i. Sunni Muslims make up some 90 per cent of believers.
Broadly speaking, Sunni Muslims have historically adapted
to life alongside a range of other cultures, while
maintaining allegiance to the Qur’an and the Hadith.
ii. The second main branch consists of Shi’ite Muslims.
Shi’ites are led by clerics (religious scholars) called Imams,
who generally believe in keeping Islamic culture sealed
from all outside influences and cultures.
iii. There main difference was in who the believed should be
caliph after Muhammad Shiites wanted only blood relatives
of Muhammad & the Sunnis wanted someone elected
B. Islam
d. Advancements
i. Growth of cities & establishment of trade routes – people
went where the WATER was!
ii. Merchants played a big role - spices, textiles, paper, steel,
new crops
iii. Intellectual exchanges among Muslim scholars
1. Science – astronomy, medicine, hospitals, irrigation, water wheels
2. Geography – map making skills
3. Mathematics – ALGEBRA
4. Art
5. Literature
6. Common monetary system
C. China
a. Buddhism (Siddhartha Gautama)
i. Connection with afterlife
ii. nirvana
b.Confuciansm (Kongfuzi)
i. Idea of having relationships
c. Daoism (from Laozi)
i. Yin & Yang, balance of powers, connection with
Nature
C. China
d.Mongols
i. Genghis Khan
1.
horse back riding skills, ride hands-free w/
weapons
2.
broke military up into divisions
ii. Kublai Khan
Genghis’ grandson involved in increasing KHAN
territory, known for battle with Japan
1.
C. China
e. Ming Dynasty
i. Chinese who rebelled against the Mongols
ii. Wanted to expel the foreigners who did not appreciate
China’s traditions
iii. Emperor Taizu restored familiar traditions
1. public works projects: repairing irrigation systems, building
reservoirs, rebuilding the GREAT WALL
iv. Proved to be a Superior Naval Power
1. Zheng He – hired to explore the west
f. Discoveries & Inventions
i. Tea, manufacturing of paper, woodblock printing
(moveable type), compass, gunpowder (fireworks), fishing
reel, rudder, matches, paper money, bicycle chain drive
D. Africa
a. Ghana, Mali, Songhai – 3 greatest empires
i. Around the Niger River
1.
vegetation zones
a. forest/savannah/desert
2.
Trade in gold, SALT, food, and slaves
ii. Mansa Musa – Mali’s greatest ruler spread Islam
& increased size of Empire
D. Africa
b. Bantu Speakers
i. Make sturdy iron tools (Nok were the 1st west Africans to
make iron)
ii. Migrate across Africa
c. Rise of Coastal Trade
i. Ability to trade using water as main route
ii. Ports
d. Rise of City States
i. Independent states made up of a city & its surrounding
territory
D. Africa
e. Rise of the Zimbabwe State
i. GOLD
f. Kongo Kingdom
i. Affected by arrival of Portuguese who encouraged
villages to declare war on each other
1. Introduced idea of slavery, guns & war
g. Kinship – family relationship
i. Ancestor worship – honored ancestors through music &
dance
ii. Story telling ex: COWTAIL SWITCH
E. JAPAN “Land of the Rising
Sun”
a. Islands of Japan
i. 4 Main – Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu
ii. land mostly mountainous w/ volcanoes – less than
20% of land available for farming and human
habitation
iii. very few natural resources
iv. Typhoons frequent – heavy winds and rains
v. Isolation – set apart from much of the world
E. JAPAN
b. Shinto – early religion of Japan
i. Revolves around nature
ii. Teaches that the natural world is filled with divine spirits or
kami (highest ranking kami is the SUN GODDESS)
c. Prince Shotoku
i. Ruled as a regent
ii. Encouraged Buddhism & spread of the Chinese culture
iii. Shinto linked Japanese to their homeland and past but
Buddhism was accepted along with Shinto because it met
spiritual needs plus it promised rewards to the faithful and
the good
E. JAPAN
d. Court of Refinement
i. People dressed prim & proper in expensive tastes
ii. Women tried to look beautiful – long hair, white makeup, blackened
teeth, shaved eyebrows & painted new ones higher on forehead, wore
many colored robes
iii.Poetry was the favorite form of Literature (Haikus) followed by diaries
& tales (Tale of Genji)
iv. Kabuki Theater – use of puppets – controlled by puppet master
v. Noh drama – masked dancer, supported by minor players and a
chorus, presents a slow dance drama
vi.Japanese Tea Ceremonies
vii. Zen gardens – rocks & sand
viii. New writing systems “Hiragana” borrowed from China – use of
symbols
E. JAPAN
e. The POWER of the SHOGUNS
i. Shogun = great general
ii. Daimyo = nobles who owned large estates in the
provinces and supported the shogun
iii. Samurai = “those who serve”
iv. Warrior code – promise to serve – must be
willing to die or kill self in battle
E. JAPAN
f. Religious denominations – different groups
i. Pure Land Buddhism –
1. stressed chanting the name Amida Buddha,
2. stressed happiness in afterlife rather than finding peace or
enlightenment in life on earth
3. taught that believers would be reborn in a blissful pure land or
paradise
ii. Zen Buddhism –
1. more concerned with individual enlightenment rather that national
well-being
2. taught that physical and mental exercise would produce a sudden
recognition of the nature of existence
3. appealed to samurai b/c it stressed exacting spiritual & physical
discipline as the path to enlightenment
4. Taught logic and mental skills
F. Meso-American and Andean
Civilizations
a. Migrants from Asia – early hunter gatherers
b.Olmec
i. Developed around 1200 B.C.
ii. Earliest civilization in Central America
iii. They originally lived in the Gulf Coast region of
southern Mexico, but soon expanded into
Guatemala
F. Meso-America
iv. Olmec society was very simple. It was essentially
divided into two groups:
1. the elite group lived in the small urban centers (towns, really)
a. The elite lived off of the agriculture of the common people, but they
probably didn't rule over the agricultural populations. Instead, they
carried out religious ceremonies centered in the towns and carried out
commercial trade in luxury and artistic items
2. the common people lived in the rural areas.
v. Olmecs were overwhelmingly an agricultural people.
vi. Most dramatic achievements were the building of
massive stone heads which archaeologists believe that
they may be Olmec kings.
F. Meso-America
c. Mayan
i. Settled in a fertile region
ii. Established small farming villages – gathered food from forest & raised crops
iii. Economy based on agriculture
iv. Some villages grew into cities with impressive palaces and pyramids
v. Artisans carved huge stone figures and pillars to adorn their city
vi. Cities were built around religious centers
vii. Worshipped many Gods and believed that their gods controlled the sun, rain
and other elements of nature
viii. Told about their rulers in hieroglyphs painted on tomb walls and carved into
stone steles, or columns
ix. Achievements
1. Mayan Calendar
2. Number system – based on the number 20 instead of 10
3. Made Jewelry out of jade, gold, and shells
F. Meso-America
d. Aztec
i. Began as a band of hunter-gatherers living on a small island
in Mexico whose god summoned them to leave – went to
the “Valley of Mexico”
ii. Had to adapt to their land
1. used reeds and mud from the swamp to make huts
2. caught and ate birds and fish
3. learned a method of farming known as “chinampas” (floating
gardens) from tribes around them
iii. Big on TRADE – able to acquire food, timber, and stone
iv. Large number of Aztec warriors – great reputation for
military skill
F. Meso-America
v. Broken into social classes
lived in large settlements called calpullis –
families of different social ranks lived in each calpulli
1.
a. Commoners made up majority of the population
i. Had to pay a tribute or tax paid in goods or services to
the government
b.Serfs had to work the land
c. Slaves were at the bottom of the social ladder – captives of
war
d.Nobles were smallest class but they were in control
vi. Aztec Gods represented spirits who controlled
the world
F. Meso-America
vii.
Cultural Achievements
1.
palaces, temples, government storehouses made of
stone and brick
2.
craftworkers produced beautiful feather
headdresses, stone sculptures, and jewelry set with
precious stones
3.
Most important artifact was Aztec codices, or
codes – a kind of book with pages made of bark
viii.
Took part in Human sacrifices
F. Meso-America
e. Incan
i. Located in South America on the coast of the
Pacific Ocean and through the Andes Mts
ii. Called their empire Tihuantinsuyu or the “land of
the Four Quarters” – b/c they believed that they
had conquered the entire world
F. Meso-America
iii. Wanted UNITY
1.
Inca religion became the official religion of the
empire and subjects were forced to learn Quechua the
native language
iv. Believed that their ruler was the lord of all
things – the land, animals, water, and the people.
F. Meso-America
v. Had 2 classes
1.
Nobility –
a. Lived off the tribute
b. Served as governors of Inca
2.
Commoners – majority of the people
a. Lived in cramped adobe huts
b. Worked the land from sunrise to sunset – tribute to the
government
c. Had few individual freedoms
i. Couldn’t travel w/out approval
ii.Government decided when & whom they married
F. Meso-America
d. Some worked to build massive cities
e. Others paid their tribute by making pieces of art and
jewelry
i. Many of which were placed in the palaces of dead rulers
as well as the temples of the gods.
f. Prayed to gods and ancestors
i. Believed in afterlife
ii.After an Inca ruler died, the Inca mummified, or
preserved his body
1. family would care for land and estate or the mummy
would harm them
2. mummy was also brought out of palace for ceremonies
held during harvest and planting season
iii.
INTI – the god of sun was the most important
F. Meso-America
vi. BUILT SYSTEM OF ROADS
vii.
Had Vertical Economy – system of
growing crops according to the height of the land
Terrace Farming – the building of raised banks
of earth of steep land for farming
1.
a. Allowed them to grow surplus amounts of food
b. Government built huge warehouses for them to store surplus in
case of emergencies
G. Europe (Medieval Times)
a. Spread of Christianity
i. Role of the Church
Pope – head of the Roman Catholic Religion
Cardinal, Bishops, Archbishops follow with
priests, pastors, etc
3.
Nuns “brides of Christ” big on charity
4.
Idea that church is the center of spiritual life
1.
2.
G. Europe (Medieval Times)
b. Feudalism – a political and economic system in
which large landholders or lords gave protection to
people in return for their service to the landholder
i. Hierarchies – orders of rank and authority
1. KING (monarch)
2. LORDS/VASSALS – swore an “oath of fealty” (promise to remain
loyal to his lord and promised to provide lord with military
protection)
3. KNIGHTS – armed mounted soldiers
4. SERFS/PEASANTS – worked the land in return for “life”
ii. Guilds – union of people who practiced a similar trade
G. Europe (Medieval Times)
c. Charlemagne – King of the Franks/Emperor
i. 48 years of rule dominated by war
ii. dedicated to strengthening the church
iii. made opponents accept the Roman church and
swear loyalty to him or DIE
iv. established schools
d.Crusades – Holy Wars
i. Fought to return holy land under Jewish control
back to Christians
G. Europe (Medieval Times)
e. King John & the Magna Carta (Great Charter)
i. No taxation w/out representation
ii. Trial by peers (JURY)
f. BUBONIC PLAGUE – BLACK PLAGUE
i. Black spots formed under the skin from internal bleeding
ii. Spread from fleas on black rats or form contact with a
person with had the disease
iii. Brought over on ships
iv. ¼ to 1/3 of the population died
v. led to the end of the Middle Ages!
H.RENAISSANCE –
“rebirth or revival”
a. Revival of classic learning and the arts –
focus on refinement, personal achievement,
and learning
i. BALANCE between intellect & religious faith
H.RENAISSANCE
b.Italian City States
i. 250 small states
ii. Venice & Milan – 2 of the largest
iii. FLORENCE
1.
ruling class made up of 800 of the city’s wealthiest
families
2.
aristocrats, merchants and bankers
3.
lived in luxurious palaces
4.
used their wealth to beautify their cities by hiring
architects
H.RENAISSANCE
c. Reopened the “SILK ROAD”
i. Main trade route between Europe & China
ii. Used Marco Polo’s travels as a guide
d.Spread information
i. Johannes Gutenburg – moveable type printing
press
ii. Translation of the Bible
H.RENAISSANCE
e. ADVANCEMENTS in Literature, the arts,
science, mathematics, etc
i. Dante Alighieri – Italian born poet
ii. Leonardo da Vinci – artist – “MONA LISA,”
great scientific thinker – passion for flight
iii. Michelangelo di Buonarroti Simoni – artist –
“SISTINE CHAPEL,” sculptor
iv. William Shakespeare – writer
I. REFORMATION
a. Catholic church begins to fall apart
b.New ideas of religion: Calvinism, Lutheran
c. Catholic church frustrated begins Counter
Reformation with 2 main goals
i. Rid the church of abuses
ii. Uphold tradition Catholic beliefs
J. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
a. New era in scientific thinking
i. Copernicus – theorized that the sun was the
center of the universe
ii. Vesalius – thorough dissection of the human
body enabled him to describe human anatomy
much more accurately
J. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
iii. Galileo –
1.
through observation and experimentation, tested
the theory of falling bodies
2.
developed a telescope that was larger and more
powerful than ever before
a. first person to observe sunspots, Jupiter’s moons, and
Saturn’s rings
J. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
iv. Bacon – established way of scientific research
known as the Scientific Method
key part was idea of hypothesis – an assumption
that can be tested by investigation
1.
v. Newton – used scientific method
provided an explanation for the universe – a force
called “GRAVITY” holds the universe together
1.