Transcript Regents Review - Levittown School District

th
9
Grade
Regents Review
Mrs. Meaney
Global 10
Early Peoples
• The earliest people lived during the Old Stone
Age, also called the Paleolithic Age, which
began more than 2 million years ago.
• Paleolithic peoples were nomads, who moved
from place to place in search of food.
• Migration – A group of people moving
together.
• Migration led to cultural diffusion which means
the exchange of ideas, customs and goods
among cultures.
Neolithic
Revolution
• Neolithic Revolution – Time period
marked by the start of farming leading
to the creation of permanent
settlements.
• The Neolithic Revolution led to the creation
of Permanent Settlements, New Social
Classes and New Technology.
The Rise of Civilization
What are the five characteristics of
a civilization? (ASCAR)
1. Advanced Technology
2. Specialized Workers
3. Complex Institutions
4. Advanced Cities
5. Record Keeping
River Valley Civilizations
Egypt:
Geography – Nile River, Silt (Gift of the Nile)
Predictable – July overflows, October recedes
Social Structure – pharaohs, priests, nobles,
merchants, peasants, slaves
Notable Accomplishments – mummification,
pyramids, surgery, calendar, hieroglyphics
Mesopotamia
(The Fertile Crescent):
Geography – Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Silt
Unpredictable – Did not know when rivers would
overflow
Social Structure – City States were divided into social
classes (upper, middle, lower)
Notable Accomplishments – wheeled vehicles, irrigation,
cuneiform, algebra and geometry,
Hammurabi’s Code (ruler of Babylonian
Empire)
Indus:
Geography – Indus and Ganges, Silt, subcontinent,
monsoons (seasonal winds)
Unpredictable - Did not know when rivers would
overflow
Social Structure – Mostly farmers, little is known
because we cannot translate writing
Notable Accomplishments – Cities: Harappa and
Mohenjo Daro, Roads were laid out in a
grid pattern, indoor plumbing
China:
Geography – Yellow and Yangtze, Silt
Unpredictable - Did not know when rivers would
overflow
Social Structure – Noble Warriors, Merchants,
Peasants (Feudal Society)
Notable Accomplishments – Written language
including 10,000 characters
China:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Classical Civilizations
Zhou Dynasty: Helped establish the
Mandate of Heaven which is the
right to rule given by gods.
Contributions: 1st books, calendar,
astronomy, silk fabric.
Qin Dynasty: Accomplishments
include the Great Wall of China
Han Dynasty: government was a
civil service system, society was
based on the teaching of Confucius,
accomplishments include paper,
wheel barrow, acupuncture and
ivory carvings.
Three causes of the fall of the Han
were that they were unable to
control warlords, economy
suffered due to unmaintained
roadways, they were overthrown
by warlords.
India:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Geography – India is a sub-continent, the
varied geography made India difficult to unite.
Aryans – The Aryans were Indo-European
warriors who moved from Asia to Europe. The
Vedas was a collection of sacred writings.
Mauryan Empire – The government was a
Bureaucracy (divided into departments and
run by officials). Asoka’s Legacy was that
tolerance united diverse people and brought
peace. The accomplishments included a united
India, spread of Buddhism, schools and
libraries.
Gupta Empire – Government was made up of a
strong central government and powerful
leaders. The caste system was a rigid social
class system. The Untouchables were the
lowest caste. Contributions include the decimal
system, herbal medicine and folktales (written
Greece:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Geography: islands, harbors,
mountainous terrain, land was not
arable, isolation led to the
creation of different city-states.
City-State: smaller than a country
but larger than a city.
Sparta: Military based society,
boys began training for a life in
the military at age 7. During the
Peloponnesian War, Sparta
declared war on Athens and
crushed the Athenian Empire.
Athens: Cultural center of
Greece, Direct Democracy (males
participated in govt., women and
slaves did not participate).
Greece
continued:
E. Philosophers: Socrates (Socratic
method, question everything), Plato
(government should control people’s lives and
social classes), Aristotle (people learned through
reason).
F. Alexander the Great and Hellenistic Culture:
Alexander the Great (empire builder through
military conquest, spread Greek culture =
cultural diffusion), Hellenistic Culture (Persian,
Indian, Greek and Egyptian).
G. Greek and Hellenistic Contributions: Plays
(drama and comedy), Epic Poems (Homer),
Parthenon (columns), right triangle, pi
Rome:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The geography of the Roman Empire
played an important role in its history
because it helped with unification
due to its central location in the
Mediterranean Sea. There were few
natural barriers.
The Roman Republic was the
governing body of Rome with three
branches (similar to the US). The
officials are chosen by the people,
most powerful body is the Senate.
The Patricians were the upper class.
The Plebeians were the lower class.
The Pax Romana was 200 years of
peace in Rome.
Roman Contributions:
• Law: created stability
(basis for system of
justice today), 12 tables
(written laws).
• Art and Architecture:
borrowed from Greeks
(arches, domes, pillars),
Coliseum, murals,
realism (portraits).
• Engineering: Aqueducts
(carried water to the
cities).
Four Causes of the Fall of Rome:
1. Invasion – Huns
2. Economy – Inflation (prices went up)
3. Military – Mercenaries (armed forces)
4. Politics – movement of capital to
Constantinople (because of location between
Asia and Europe)
Belief Systems:
Animism and Shintoism
1. Polytheistic (belief in
more than one God)
2. No founder
3. Major Beliefs – all living
and non living things in
nature have a spirit,
spirits of ancestors
could impact life in a
positive or negative way.
Hinduism (India)
1. Polytheistic
2. No one founder
3. Major Beliefs: Brahman (universal spirit),
Reincarnation (soul is reborn), Karma
(cleanliness of soul), Dharma (moral duties),
Accepts Caste System.
Buddhism
1. No Gods
2. Founder: Siddhartha Guatama
“Buddha”
3. Major Beliefs: Four Noble Truths
(central philosophy, desires), Eightfold
Path, Nirvana (paradise),
Reincarnation, Rejects the Caste
System.
Confucianism
1. Philosophy
2. Founder: Confucius
3. Major Beliefs: The
Analects (book containing
Confucius’ teachings), 5
Relationships (ruler and
subject, father and son,
husband and wife, older
brother and younger
brother, friend and friend),
Filial Piety ( respect for
your elders).
Daoism
1. Philosophy
2. Founder: Laozi
3. Major Beliefs: Live in
harmony with nature,
Learn “the way” of the
universe, Yin-Yang.
1. Monotheistic
2. Founder: Abraham
3. Major Beliefs: Torah
(sacred text), Ten
Commandments,
Prophets (spiritual
leaders).
Christianity
1. Monotheistic
2. Founder: Jesus
3. Major Beliefs: Bible (Sacred Text),
Teachings of Jesus, Ten
Commandments.
Islam
1. Monotheistic
2. Founder: Muhammad
3. Major Beliefs: Koran
(Sacred Text), Five
Pillars of Holiness
(“There is one God Allah
and Muhammad is his
prophet”, pray 5 times a
day facing Mecca, Give
Charity, Fast during the
holy month of Ramadan,
and take a hajj to
Mecca)
Tang and Song Dynasties
1. During this time in China
the social structure was
strict (a strict social
pyramid). Gentry (top),
peasants (middle),
merchants (bottom).
2. Contributions to literature
and arts: calligraphy,
pagodas and porcelain.
3. The Chinese used Korea
as a bridge to expand their
culture into Japan.
Byzantine Empire and Russia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The Mediterranean Sea linked the Byzantine
Empire.
The Byzantine Empire preserved the culture of the
Greek and Roman empires.
Justinian was the Byzantine Emperor from 527 to
565.
Justinian’s Code was the “Civil Law” including
legal writings and a student handbook.
The Hagia Sophia was a church in
Constantinople.
A mosaic is a picture or design formed by stone
or other material.
The Orthodox Christian Church was the Christian
Church of the Byzantine Empire.
A schism is a split in the church.
The 1st Russian state was established in 800’s
around the city of Kiev.
The Russians adopted written language,
Orthodox Christianity, Art and Architecture from
the Byzantine Empire.
A czar is autocratic Russian leaders.
Islamic Civilization
1. A caliph is the
successor to
Muhammad.
2. Islam spread to
Middle East, North
Africa, India,
Spain, Sicily and
Southeast Asia.
Art
- Non religious
subjects
- Domes and
Arches
Literature
-Koran is most
important
Learning
Medicine
- Algebra
- Astronomy
- Translate Greek
writings
-Creation of
hospitals and
emergency
rooms
- Study Diseases
- Require testing
for doctors
Medieval Europe/Middle Ages/Dark Ages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The geography of Europe influenced
the time period because of vast
natural resources, location which
led to spreading of Christianity
and Roman ideas.
The Franks were successful,
powerful tribe in France.
Charlemagne, a Frankish King built
an empire that stretched across
modern-day France, Germany and
part of Italy.
Feudalism is a political system of
loyalty and social classes in
Europe.
Chivalry is a code of behavior for
knights.
6. The basis for medieval economy was
manorialism, an economic system
structured around a lord’s estate.
7. Most peasants who lived on the manor were
serfs.
8. The church was the only unifying force
during medieval life. It also preserved
learning.
9. Secular means separated from the church.
10. People who became nuns or monks and
devoted themselves to Christianity entered
monasteries.
11. Jews were persecuted, Anti-Semitism
grew.
12. Gothic Style of architecture: used pointed
arches, flying buttresses, stone supports,
and stained glass.
13. The bubonic plague, also called the Black
Plague, was a highly contagious disease
spread by rats that spread during the Middle
Ages.
The Crusades
1. Causes: increase the Pope’s power,
sins forgiven, gain wealth, travel and
excitement, escape oppression
(serfs).
2. Effects: increased trade (cultural
diffusion), encouraged learning, Pope
ultimately lost some influence,
Feudalism weakened.
Japan
1. Geography: mountainous,
difficult to farm, islands led
to isolation/ sometimes acted
as protection.
2. Writing – adopted the
Chinese system
Buddhism- Zen Buddhism
(peace, nature)
Confucianism – family loyalty
Customs – Tea ceremonies,
gardening
3. The feudalism of Japan was
similar to feudalism in Medieval
Europe.
4. A shogun is the highest military
commander.
5. Daimyo are landlords
(vassals).
6. Samurai are warriors.
7. Bushido is the code of behavior
of a samurai.
8. The Tokugawa Shogunate was
known for bringing peace and
stability to Japan for almost
300 years.
The Mongols
1. Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes in
central Asia in the steppe.
2. The Mongols invaded Eastern Europe and
even reached the Byzantine Empire.
3. Kublai Khan, conquered China. He founded
the Yuan dynasty.
4. The Mughal Dynasty ruled India from 1526 –
1857.
5. Akbar the Great was the greatest Mughal
leader.
6. Pax Mongolia is the period of stability for the
Mongols.
7. The Mongols declined because the land was
too large and diverse, and had little
experience governing.
The Renaissance
1. Renaissance means “rebirth”. It was a golden
age in the arts, literature and science.
2. Humanism is a movement in which thinkers
studied classical texts and focused on
human potential.
4. (skip to 4) The printing press was such an
important development because literacy
increased, books are cheaper and available
and ideas spread quickly.
Michelangelo
Italian Artist, architect,
“David”, Pieta, Sistine
Chapel
Donatello
Italian Artist, David at
Bargello (bronze statue)
William Shakespeare
English author, Romeo
and Juliet, Hamlet
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian Artist, scientist,
Vitruvian Man
Dante
Niccolo Machiavelli
Italian author, The Divine Italian philosopher, father
Comedy
of political science, wrote
the “Prince”
Raphael Santi
Italian artist, School of
Athens
Miguel Cervantes
Spanish author
Geoffrey Chaucer
English author,
Canterbury Tales
Johann Gutenberg
German inventor of the
printing press
Galileo Galilei
Italian inventor of the
telescope
Nicolas Copernicus
Polish scientist
Vitruvian Man
Sistine Chapel
The Protestant Reformation
1. Causes: Renaissance, problems with the
church (corruption)
2. Martin Luther was a German monk who led the
reformation, founded Lutheranism.
3. The 95 Theses were Luther’s list of
complaints/problems with the church.
4. John Calvin was a French reformer who
founded Calvinism.
5. The Counter – Reformation was the movement
that took place within the Catholic Church to
answer the Reformation.
6. The Council of Trent was a meeting called by
Pope Paul III to guide the reform movement.
7. Ignatius Loyola was the founder of the Jesuits.
8. Effects: religious and political divisions,
religious wars, Holy Roman Emperor was
weakened.
West African
Civilizations
Civilization
Ghana
Years
800 – 1000
Religion
Contributions
Animism
Gold and Salt
trade
1200 – 1450
Mali
Islam
1450 - 1600
Songhai
Islam
Gold and Salt
trade, Timbuktu
becomes center
of learning and
trading
Gold and Salt
trade, Largest
W. African state
Mesoamerican
Civilizations
Civilization
Mayas
Aztecs
Incas
Years
Contributions
Decline
300 – 900
Farming, pyramid temples,
365-day calendar
Mayas
abandoned
cities for no
known reason
1200 –
1500
1400 1500
Aqueducts, medicine,
dentistry, floating gardens
Cortes and the
Spanish
Record keeping, 12,000
miles of roads (tunnels
and bridges), Temple of
Sun
Pizzaro and the
Spanish
Ming Dynasty
1. China traditionally thought of itself as the
Middle Kingdom.
2. Ming rulers brought back the civil service
system to reform the government. Confucian
learning became important once again.
3. Zeng He, a Chinese admiral, established trade
links in Asia in the 1400’s.
4. Art and Architecture: landscape paintings,
porcelain jars, Confucian poetry.
5. How did China influence Korea?: celadon
glaze for porcelain.
The Ottoman Empire
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Ottoman’s were able to expand into Eastern
Europe due to effective military strategies and well
armed forces.
The Byzantine capital of Constantinople was
changed to Istanbul.
Sulieman the Magnificent ruled the empire from 1520
to 1566 and used the title Sultan.
Millets are religious communities of non-Muslims.
Janissaries are members of an elite force in the
Ottoman Empire.
Muslims houses of worship are called Mosques.
Reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire:
Internal disorder, European advances.
Age of Exploration
Printing Press – Information spread
more quickly.
Gunpowder – Helped the Europeans
win control of various regions.
Maps – Aid further exploration.
Astrolabe: determines direction
3. (skip the chart for now) Conquistador –
Spanish explorer and conqueror.
4. Effects of slave trade: 11 million
Africans sent to America, local
African wars.
5. Encomienda System: Spanish social
class system in Latin America.
6. Columbian Exchange: global exchange
of people, plants, animals, ideas
and technology.
7. European nations adopted the new
economic policy of mercantilism.
1.
Prince Henry
Portugal
Vasco da Gama
Portugal, traveled
to India
Christopher
Ferdinand
Columbus
Magellan
Spain, Discovered Spain,
the Americas
circumnavigated
the globe
Hernando Cortes
Francisco
Pizzaro
Spain, conquered
Aztecs
Spain, conquered
the Incas
Bartholomew
Dias
Portugal, Sailed to
Cape of Good
Hope (Africa)
Henry Hudson
Dutch, Northwest
Passage
Amerigo
Vespucci
Italy, cartographer
and explored
S. America
Absolutism
Leader
Country
Policies/Accomplishments
Akbar the
Great
India
Expanded empire, promoted diversity,
modernized the army, encouraged trade
Ivan the
Terrible
Russia
Harsh ruler, slaughtered rebellious
nobles, extreme absolutist
Peter the
Great
Russia
Centralized Russian royal power,
westernized Russia
Philip II
Spain
Divine Right, god given right to rule
Frederick I
Prussia
Holy Roman Emperor, united empire,
enlightened despot (dictator)
Maria Theresa
Austria
Improved the tax system by using
Enlightenment ideas, established
primary education
Louis XIV
France
“The Sun King”, built palace of
Versailles, disciplined army, persecuted
Protestants
1. Oliver Cromwell was a military
commander who established English
Commonwealth.
2. The restoration was when Charles II
was invited to take the throne.
3. The Glorious Revolution was nonviolent overthrow of British King
James II by William and Mary.
4. The English Bill of Rights is a set of
laws that gives Parliament superiority
over the King/Queen.
Scientific Revolution
1. Geocentric means the sun
revolves around the
earth (earth is the
center).
2. Heliocentric means sun is
the center.
3. The scientific method
was created by Descartes
and Bacon and focused on
experimentation and
observation rather than
on past authorities.