Transcript ROOTS OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

ROOTS OF THE ARABISRAELI CONFLICT
1890’S-1948
Zionism
 GOALS:
The spiritual and
political renewal of
the Jewish people
in its ancestral
homeland of
Palestine.
 Freedom from
Western anti-Semitism.
Theodore Herzl
1860-1904
First Zionist Conference, 1897
 Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, or
The Jewish State in 1896.
 Met in Basel, Switzerland.
 Creates the First Zionist Congress.
 Becomes an international Jewish
organization.
 “Next Year in Jerusalem!”
The Ottoman Empire in WW1
Allied
Powers:
The Main Players in WW1
Central
Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Franz Josef [A-H]
The Middle East in 1914
Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915
....Britain is prepared to
recognize and uphold the
independence of the Arabs in
all regions lying within the
frontiers proposed by the Sharif
of Mecca....
Hussein ibn Ali,
Sharif of Mecca
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916
British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,
1917
His Majesty’s Government views with
favor the establishment in Palestine of a
national home for the Jewish people and
will use their best endeavors to facilitate
the achievement of this object, it being
clearly understood that nothing shall be
done which may prejudice the civil and
religious rights of existing non-Jewish
communities in Palestine…
Sir Arthur James Balfour
Br. Foreign Secretary
The League of Nations Mandates
“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!
 Prince Faisal  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.
 Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created
Iraq [pasted together from three distinct
geographic regions].
 The House of Saud  put on the throne of the
newly-created Saudi Arabia.
 The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a
new Iran.
 Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist
movement in Turkey.
Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!
 First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia
in 1908.
 Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 
drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
 Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while
outwardly pledging
allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,
promised exclusive oil rights to the British.
 Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.
 In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the
Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.
Oil Becomes the New International
“Coin of the Realm!”
 American oil companies
[Texaco & Chevron], gain
oil concessions in Bahrain
in 1929.
 In 1933, American oil
companies win an oil
concession in Saudi Arabia.
 ARAMCO [Arab-American
Oil Co,] is created in 1939.
Oil Becomes the New International
“Coin of the Realm!”
 American oil companies
[Texaco & Chevron], gain
oil concessions in Bahrain
in 1929.
 In 1933, American oil
companies win an oil
concession in Saudi Arabia.
 ARAMCO [Arab-American
Oil Co,] is created in 1939.
Reforms in Iran
 Secularization  seizure of
religious lands.
 Adoption of the French civil
code.
 Built the Trans-Iranian
Railroad.
 Improved education.
The Middle East Between the Wars
Essential Question:
How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after
1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going
conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in
the Middle East today?
Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920

In 1920, there
was 1 Jew to
every 10 Arabs in
Palestine.

By 1947, the ratio
was 2 Arabs for
every Jew.
The Arabs felt that they were
loosing control of their
“country!”
British
Mandate in
Palestine
Created
July, 1922
Jewish Settlements:
The Kibbutz System
 First one founded in 1908.
 Communal living.
 “Make the Desert
Bloom!”
Palestine Arab Revolt:
1936-1939
Their Goals:
 An end to Jewish
immigration to Palestine.
 An end to the transfer
of lands to Jewish
owners.
 A new “general
representative
government.”
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem,
Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf
Hitler.
British White Paper of 1939
 Limited Jewish
immigration to
Palestine to 75,000 over
the next five years.
 It ended Jewish land
purchases.
 Independence for
Palestine within 10 years.
 It is NOT British policy
that Palestine become a
Jewish state.
The “Arab Legion” of the
British Army During WW2
The “Jewish Brigade” of the
British Army During WW2
Hitler’s
“Final
Solution”
The Jewish population in each country in 1942.
Nazi Concentration
& Extermination Camps
The Nazi Holocaust
 6,000,00 Jews killed
by the Nazis [1/2 in
the concentration
camps.]
Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration
Aliyah Bet
 Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
 The Exodus, 1947.
British “Detention” Camps
in Cyprus : 1946-1948
Jewish “Freedom Fighters”
(or “Terrorists”?)
Irgun Zvai Leumi
[Natl. Military Org.]
Avraham Stern &
The Stern Gang
U. N. Partition Plan of 1947
Israel Becomes a Nation:
May 14, 1948
Chaim Weizmann,
1st President
David Ben-Gurion,
1st Prime Minister
War Begins!: May 15, 1948
Arab Refugees, 1948
The Palestinian Diaspora begins!
Armistice Signed, 1949
Essential Question:
How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after
1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going
conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in
the Middle East today?
Palestine Was Part of the
Ottoman Empire
Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920

In 1920, there
was 1 Jew to
every 10 Arabs in
Palestine.

By 1947, the ratio
was 2 Arabs for
every Jew.
The Arabs felt that they were
loosing control of their
“country!”
British
Mandate in
Palestine
Created
July, 1922
Jewish Settlements:
The Kibbutz System
 First one founded in 1908.
 Communal living.
 “Make the Desert
Bloom!”
1929 Arab Riots
IZBAH AL-YAHUD!
[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]
Jewish
Immigration
1919
1,806
1931
4,075
1920
8,223
1932
12,533
1921
8,294
1933
37,337
1922
8,685
1934
45,267
1923
8,175
1935
66,472
1924
13,892
1936
29,595
1925
34,386
1937
10,629
1926
13,855
1938
14,675
1927
3,034
1939
31,195
1928
2,178
1940
10,643
1929
5,249
1941
4,592
1930
4,944
Hitler’s
“Final
Solution”
The Jewish population in each country in 1942.
Nazi Concentration
& Extermination Camps
The Nazi Holocaust
 6,000,00 Jews killed
by the Nazis [1/2 in
the concentration
camps.]
Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration
Aliyah Bet
 Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
 The Exodus, 1947.
British “Detention” Camps
in Cyprus : 1946-1948
Jewish “Freedom Fighters”
(or “Terrorists”?)
Irgun Zvai Leumi
[Natl. Military Org.]
Avraham Stern &
The Stern Gang
U. N. Partition Plan of 1947
Israel Becomes a Nation:
May 14, 1948
Chaim Weizmann,
1st President
David Ben-Gurion,
1st Prime Minister
War Begins!: May 15, 1948
Arab Refugees, 1948
The Palestinian Diaspora begins!
Armistice Signed, 1949
HISTORYTEACHER.NET

This power point was created by Ms.
Susan Pojer of Horace Greely High School
of Chppaqua, NY. It can be found at
historyteacher.net under Power Point
Palooza.