Transcript Document

Twentieth Century Development of Communism
Focus on China. . . Compare to USSR
Here’s a little overview:
First, there is a revolution (1911) and the Qing fall and a “republic” is formed by the
Nationalists, but it is not a very successful Republic (warlord era) so soon the
Communist form and then they go to war with the Nationalists (who are also
competing with warlords fightign) and for a long time there is a nasty civil war in
which Mao makes friends with the peasants. Briefly the Communists and
Nationalists cooperate to fight the Japanese in WWII but as soon as the war is over,
they fight again and Mao wins and China become Communist (BUT NOT UNTIL
1949)
THEN Mao is in charge for a very long time –at first he thinks the Soviets are way
cool and someone to follow (as the first commies) but then they have a spat and you
see a Sino-Soviet split. Then China becomes very Maoy and they go through two
bizarre events the GLF and the Cultural Revolution.
And THEN Mao dies and Deng comes in and he does this little “perestroika without
glasnost” thing and he still says China is communist, but it doesn’t look very
communist because it allows private property (would be shocking to Marx whose
number one idea is abolish private property)
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Sui, Tang, Song
Sui, Tang, Song
Mao and Deng
Mao and Deng
SO part ONE:
Decline of the Manchu (Qing)
____________
REBELLION
In the boxer rebellion cartoon (made in US –1900), the lion is Britain
(even though it has a pointy helmet!), Russia is the bear, the eagle in the
center is Germany, the bald eagle on the far left is the US’s ‘watchful
eye’, the rooster by the bear is France, Japan is the leopard by the bear,
austria is the eagle by the lion, and spain is the wolf by the dragon’s head.
Spurs . . . . Formation of the Nationalists
Sun’s Three Principles of the People:
San Min Zhu Yi
Nationalism
Democracy
Socialism
(People’s Livlihood)
Note the slide’s not red!
1894: Sun Yat Sen formed the
Kuomintang (KWOH MIN TANG) or
Nationalist's People's party (or GMD)
__________ (date) The end of the Qing Dynasty and
the establishment of a Republic by the N__________
A poster that commemorates the the permanent President of the Republic of China
Yuan Shikai and the provisional President of the Republic Sun Yat-sen. "Chinese
Republic forever" is a unconventional English translation of "Long Live the Republic
of China.".
Yuan Shi Kai becomes
President & is BAD –
corruption, disbands
parliament, starts
wearing emperor-like
robes!!
Warlord Period (1916-1927)
Still technically a republic but power is VERY decentralized
The nationalists have a hard time ruling and Chiang Kai
Shek assumes control
Meanwhile, Japanese influence
grows with new territory gained
from WWI (21 Demands)
WWI and the May 4th Movement
Paris Peace conference, China demands
all imperialist privileges be abolished,
that Japan cancel the the "Twenty-One
Demands"
and it get back German area that Japan
had annexes
Allies paid little heed to China.
On May 4th, 1919 Beijing's students
protested against the Versailles Peace
Conference's decision to transfer former
German concessions in China to Japan.
The Making of the PRC . . . Mao Zedong
Mao soon becomes the most important member . . .
And he develops:
Marxist
Leninist
Maoist thought
The most important thing to remember about Maoist
thought
Has to adapt Marxism-Leninism to China's
situation: underdeveloped, largely peasant and
under siege …
MAO IS PEASANTS. . .
And a belief in the power of
the masses and permanent
revolution
During warlord era. . . . at first the Communists join
with the GMD and then they go to war with each other
1927 Chiang Kai Shek kills
many communists in a bloody
execution--almost eliminates
CCP
The communists escape on a long march and a civil war
begins b/w Communists and Nationalists
1934: "Long March" over 18 mountain
ranges and 24 rivers go 6000 miles one
year—10% survive
Mao develops Maoist rural
revolutionary strategy—
Communist led peasant revolution
Remember John Green: why did Communists win
support of peasants?
b/c they were successful fighting the Japanese, made sure no
pillaging of peasants, gave peasants s ay in local govt
Nationalist corruption, onerous taxes on peasants, abandoned
Nanking
develops a guerilla warfare strategy
Meanwhile in the Soviet Union . . . .
.Bolshevik Revolution, End of WWI, &
Civil War
Death of Lenin &
Beginning of S_______
Line for Lenin's tomb in red square
1928 - Adoption of first ______-Year Plan, with the state setting
goals and priorities for the whole economy, especially in heavy
__________;
Also in 1928, Stalin ordered ____________of agriculture.
Great Purge Propaganda:
Russian police “crushing
the traitors”
‘Gulag Archipelago’ of forced
labor camps in S________
1936-38 - Announcement of the discovery of a plot against Stalin
headed by Leon Trotsky ushered in a large-scale _______in which
thousands of alleged dissidents in the armed forces, the Communist
Party and the government were sentenced to death or long
imprisonment (the gulags).
it is a t____________ state
Hymn to Stalin (can you say CULT of________________?)
Thank you, Stalin. Thank you because I am joyful. Thank you because I am well. No matter how
old I become, I shall never forget how we received Stalin two days ago. Centuries will pass, and
the generations still to come will regard us as the happiest of mortals, as the most fortunate of
men, because we lived in the century of centuries, because we were privileged to see Stalin, our
inspired leader. Yes, and we regard ourselves as the happiest of mortals because we are the
contemporaries of a man who never had an equal in world history.
The men of all ages will call on thy name, which is strong, beautiful, wise and marvelous. Thy
name is engraven on every factory, every machine, every place on the earth, and in the hearts of
all men.
Every time I have found myself in his presence I have been subjugated by his strength, his charm,
his grandeur. I have experienced a great desire to sing, to cry out, to shout with joy and
happiness. And now see me--me!--on the same platform where the Great Stalin stood a year ago.
In what country, in what part of the world could such a thing happen.
All thanks to thee, O great educator, Stalin. I love a young woman with a renewed love
and shall perpetuate myself in my children--all thanks to thee, great educator, Stalin. I
shall be eternally happy and joyous, all thanks to thee, great educator, Stalin. Everything
belongs to thee, chief of our great country. And when the woman I love presents me with
a child the first word it shall utter will be: Stalin.
O great Stalin, O leader of the peoples,
Thou who broughtest man to birth.
Thou who fructifies the earth,
Thou who restorest to centuries,
Thou who makest bloom the spring,
Thou who makest vibrate the musical chords...
Thou, splendour of my spring, O thou,
Sun reflected by millions of hearts.
---A. O.Avidenko
Mother Heroine (Russian: Матьгероиня) was an honorary title in
the Soviet Union awarded for
__________________
Obverse of the Order "Mother
Heroine"
Stalin “our father”
Back to China . . . .
Japanese Invasion –start of WW2
1931: Japan invades and creates state of Manchukuo:
”
1937, Japan invades Nanjing
Nationalist capital
“Rape of Nanjing”
Over 200,000 murdered
in 3 months
A sort of alliance forms to fight the Japanese
Chiang and Mao met during the peace negotiation held from Aug 28, 1945 thru Oct 11, 1945 in the
wartime capital of Chongqing, China to toast to the Chinese victory over Japan, but their shaky
alliance was short-lived.
WWII’s over and the Civil War resumes
Communists win . . .
Mao Proclaims the Establishment
of the People’s Republic of China
Nationalists retreat to Taiwan;
The nationalists retreated in 1949
And both sides
claim to rule China
Black dotted lines are political boundaries drawn by the ROC. The formal names of these political entities
are in black text. Red solid lines are political boundaries drawn by the PRC. The formal names of these
political entities are in red text. White areas represent the territories claimed by the ROC but not the PRC.
Mao’s China
First. . . The Soviet Model: "lean to one side" 1949-1957
A meeting between Stalin and Mao Zedong after the CCP's 1949 victory
over the KMT in the Chinese Civil War.
Lean to One Side: Industrialization and Land Reform
Emphasis on
Industrialization,
Collectivization and of
course, 5 year plans
Land Reform:
redistribution!
Poster Encouraged peasants to
“speak bitterness” against
landowners in order to rout out
bad/good landowners
Lean to One Side: Efforts to combat illiteracy
Fairly successful
Lean to One Side The Korean War
("Produce more! Contribute more!"),. This
"Patriotic Pledge" starts with the call to "resist
America and support Korea".
Lean to One Side “Women hold up Half the Sky”
The New Marriage Law that was promulgated on 1 May 1950 gave
women legal equality with men
But then . . . The Sino-Soviet split
Maoist Era 1958-1976
. . No more leaning
Great Leap Forward l958-61
small rural factories
Point: industrialize
more quickly.
Result widespread
famine, with per
capita grain
consumption falling
by 22% and millions
of deaths.
Propaganda poster of the steel production
objective. The text reads: "Take steel as the
key link, leap forward in all fields".
Great Leap Forward:
John Green:
So Mao came up with a terrible idea called the Great Leap Forward. Mao essentially
decided that the nation could be psyched up into more industrial productivity.
Among many other bad ideas, he famously ordered that individuals build small steel furnaces
in their backyard to increase steel production. This was not a good idea. First off, it didn’t
actually increase steel production much. Secondly, it turns out that people making steel in
their backyard who know nothing about making steel… make bad steel.
But the worst idea was to pay for heavy machinery from the USSR with exported grain. This
meant there was less for peasants to eat — and as a result, between 1959 and 1962, 20 million
people died, probably half of whom were under the age of 10. Jeez, Thought Bubble, that was
sad.
1966: Cultural Revolution:
1966-1976 Mao’s “revolution” which would purge the
elder leaders and put in a younger generation whose zeal
would not let the country self-destruct,
leads to wide scale disruption of industry and agriculture as
Mao orders a purge of right-wing elements in the Party.
Many managers and intellectuals sent to the countryside for reeducation
“Hold high the great red banner of
Mao Zedong thought to wage the
Great Proletarian Revolution to the
end. Revolution is no crime. To
rebel is justified. Ca 1966
first stage, 20 million or so high school and college students
(the Red Guards) respond to Mao’s pronouncement that “it is
right to rebel!”
Destroyed countless priceless historical artifacts and
harassing, torturing and killing many 100s of people labeled
“class enemies” and “capitalist roaders.”
They particularly target intellectuals, officials and their families.
Once the alleged “capitalist roaders” were removed from power, Mao and his
radical allies introduced a range of policies aimed at making China a more
purely socialist society. Thus art literature and drama were purged of all
revisionist workers and strictly limited to depicting revolutionary themes.
When schools reopened, procedures favoring applicants with worker or peasant
backgrounds replaced grades or exams as the principle basis for university
entrance
Chinese poster saying: "Smash
the old world / Establish a new
world." Classical example of the
Red art from the early Cultural
Revolution. A worker (or
possibly Red Guard) crushes the
crucifix, Buddha and classical
Chinese texts with his hammer;
1967
a t____________ state?
Ending: Mao died in 1976 and the CR was over
Mao's body lies in state
after his death on
September 9, 1976
Economic Reform in China
"to get rich is glorious"
“Black Cat, White Cat, it
doesn’t matter as long as
the cat catches mice”
“Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”
Architect: Deng Xiaoping
Time: early 1980’s
ECONOMIC REFORM
(A) Shifting authority for decision making from central bureaucrats to
individual families factory managers, local governments
(B) recognizing (limited) property rights
Note that this is limited Privatization: diminish (NOT eliminate) state owned factories
Open China to the outside world by . . .
(A) Increasing trade . . . “export lead”
(B) encouraging foreign investment
RESULTS
Consumer product growth
GDP grows
Foreigners
invest more
China joins the WTO
US trade imbalance
Maybe perestroika but not glasnost