Transcript No Slide Title

OT &
LabPhon
Outline
• Studiehandleiding
– Fon 2 BA: Gilbers
• LabPhon: Phonetics and Phonology
• Example: Slippin’ & Slidin’ on the
Sonority Scale
• Phonologically-based Account
• Phonetically-based Account
Studiehandleiding
–
code: LTX017B05
–
inhoud: Fonetiek als noodzakelijk
–
werkwijze: de cursus bestaat uit een
hulpmiddel bij fonologisch onderzoek.
Inleiding akoestiek en spraaktechnologie;
Optimality Theory en Laboratory
Phonology
reeks van hoorcolleges; aangevuld met
werkcolleges
Studiehandleiding
–
toetsing: de beoordeling van de cursus
–
doel: het verkrijgen van de vaardigheid
wordt enerzijds gebaseerd op een
schriftelijk tentamen aan het eind van het
semester en anderzijds op de gemaakte
werkcollegeopdrachten. Deelname aan
het tentamen is pas mogelijk als alle
opdrachten ingeleverd zijn.
om fonetische analyses te maken; inzicht
in fonologische criteria, argumentatie.
Studiehandleiding
–
literatuur: papers plus naslagwerken:
•
Rietveld, A.C.M. & V.J. van Heuven (1997)
Algemene Fonetiek, Bussum Coutinho
•
Kooij, J. & M. van Oostendorp (2003)
•
NB literatuur pas aanschaffen na overleg met
docenten
Fonologie, uitnodiging tot de klankleer van het
Nederlands, Amsterdam University Press
Studiehandleiding
–
docent:
•
Dicky Gilbers 050-3635983
(thuis: 0594-518890)
–
–
spreekuur: via afspraak (e-mail/postvakje)
tijd en locatie:
•
•
–
donderdagen 12-14 (hoorcolleges) A7
donderdagen 12-14 (werkcolleges) 12.107
studiepunten: 5 ECTS
Studiehandleiding
–
college 1: Inleiding & overzicht
–
college 2: Optimality Theory
•
lezen: Gilbers & de Hoop (1998) Conflicting
constraints: an introduction to Optimality
Theory, in: Lingua 104.1/2: 1-12
(plus eventueel: Kooij & Van Oostendorp
(2003) hfst 6)
Studiehandleiding
–
college 3: Fonologische representaties:
Syllabe/Syllabe in OT
•
•
college gebaseerd op: Hayes, B. (1984) The
Phonology of Rhythm in English, Linguistic
Inquiry 15: 33-74
Archangeli, D. (1997) Optimality Theory: An
introduction to Linguistics in the 1990s, In: D.
Archangeli and D. Terence Langendoen (eds)
Optimality Theory, An Overview, Blackwell
Studiehandleiding
–
college 4: Akoestiek/Geluid Lezen
•
–
college 5: Tools CoolEdit (12.107)
•
–
–
lezen: Rietveld & Van Heuven (1997) hfst. 5-6
lezen: Rietveld & Van Heuven (1997) hfst. 5-6
college 6: Tools PRAAT (12.107)
colleges 7 & 8: practicum (12.107)
Studiehandleiding
–
college 9: LabPhon Papers: Fronting &
Gliding
•
gebaseerd op: Inkelas & Rose (to appear)
Positional Neutralization: a Case from First Language
Acquisition; Ninth International Phonology Meeting
Structure and Melody, Vienna
en Gilbers, D. (2002) Conflicting phonologically
based and phonetically based constraints in the analysis
of /l/-substitutions, in: M. Beers, P. Jongmans & A.
Wijnands (eds) Netwerk Eerste Taalverwerving, Netbulletin 2001, Leiden 2002: 22-40
Studiehandleiding
–
college 10:
• Fonologische representaties: Klemtoon &
Ritme
• LabPhon Papers: Ritmische Herstructurering
•
gebaseerd op: Schreuder & Gilbers (2004) The
Influence of Speech Rate on Rhythm Patterns In:
Gilbers, D., Schreuder, M. and N. Knevel (eds) On the
Boundaries of Phonology and Phonetics. Groningen: 183-202.
Studiehandleiding
–
–
college 11: Forensische fonetiek en
Sprekerherkenning
•
lezen: Rietveld & Van Heuven (1997) hfst. 14.5
•
Eventueel:
Optimality Theory als algemene cognitieve
theorie: taal en muziek/mineur en majeur
Studiehandleiding
–
college 12:
Q&A-college over
collegestof
–
college 13:
uitloop en vragenuur
Studiehandleiding
werkcollegeopdrachten:
1 Tel tot 10 in CoolEdit; verknip tot je eigen
telefoonnummer
2 Neem “abracadabra” op en vergelijk de
duur en toonhoogte van de vierde,
beklemtoonde [a] met die van de tweede,
onbeklemtoonde [a]. Annoteer in Praat de
soundfile: textgrid met drie tiers.
Studiehandleiding
werkcollegeopdrachten:
3 Noteer de eerste twee formanten van je
eigen klinkers en zet de waardes uit in een
Excel-plot
4 Zinsmelodiemanipulatie: “Jan heeft hier
niet gewerkt”. 1: Zet “hier” in focus. 2:
Maak de zin vragend als “Heeft Jan hier
gewerkt?”
Phonetics vs.
Phonology
Both the phonetician and the phonologist are
interested in speech sounds
Phonetics
Phoneticians study the physical properties of sound making
[ala]
Phonology
• Phonologists are interested in the sound
system of a language
• They want to know
• the function of sounds in the language
(what are the phonemes?)
• the way sounds can be combined
• how the sounds are realized in different
contexts
Functional Phonology
• Van Kees []
• minimalization of articulatory effort
(laziness of the speaker):
• you don’t have to make the tongue movement
• (at the cost of perceptual distinction)
• phonetically based accounts of
phonological processes: LabPhon
Dutch /r/-varieties
• /r/ can be realized as [r] or as []
• phonetics: two different sounds:
• [r] is produced as a trill of the tip of the tongue
against the alveolar ridge
• [] on the other hand is produced as a trill of
the uvula in the back of the mouth
Dutch /r/-varieties
• /r/ can be realized as [r] or as []
• phonology: same segment; no functional
(semantic) difference in the system between
[] and [].
• In the system /r/ is coronal, just like /t/ and
/s/
Example: Schwa insertion in
final consonant clusters
data:
r
place 
harp, darm, durf, borg, hark
m/k
place 
Example: Schwa insertion in
final consonant clusters
data:
harp, darm, durf, borg, hark
no insertion if the consonants share their
place of articulation: hars, hart, mars
r
place 
m/k
place 
r
t
place 
Example: Schwa insertion in
final consonant clusters
data:
harp, darm, durf, borg, hark
no insertion if the consonants share their
place of articulation: hars, hart, mars
From a phonetic point of view uvular [] and alveolar
[t] do not share their places of articulation, from a
phonological point of view they do. Yet, schwa insertion
is also impossible between [] and [t].
Schwa insertion in final
consonant clusters
Conclusie: synchroon gezien is het
proces alleen fonologisch adequaat te
beschrijven
(door te kijken naar de onderliggende vorm van de klank)
Segmental
Markedness
Different types of segmental
markedness
The Sounds of IPA: Vowels
Front
Close

Central


Back



Close-mid
Open-mid








 

 

Open
 

 
Primary and Secondary
Cardinal Vowels (Jones, 1963 )
4
Primary cardinal V’s:
front
back
1 
8 
2 
7 
3 
6 
4 
5 
Secondary cardinal V’s:
front
back
9 
15 
10 
14 
11 
13 
12 
Based on
typology
Segmental Markedness and
Correspondence
/ky/ 
[ku]; [ki];
[ku]; [ki];[ky]
(2;1)
/y/ [u] ; [i] ; [y]
/y/
/i/
+syl
+tense
+high
-low
-back
-round

/y/
+syl
+tense
+high
-low
-back
+round

/u/
+syl
+tense
+high
-low
+back
+round
Minimal Distances
Phonetically vs. Phonologically
• Phonetics:
[] -> [] (both uvular)
• Phonology:
// -> [k] (both velar)
• Steven’s Phones:
Uvular []
Uvular []
Velar [k]
(1;11)
The Sounds of IPA: Consonants
bilabial
plosive
nasal
trill


labiodental
dental


lateral
fricative
approximant
lateral
approximant
postalveolar



retroflex




palatal



velar



(w)
pharyngeal



glottal





uvular

tap or flap
fricative
alveolar





 

























/l/-substitutes
target:
realisation:
lief
/lif/
‘dear’
[if]
slapen // ‘to sleep’
[]
(2;2)
(2;4)
Feature Changes /l/  [w]
/l/
+son
+cons
+cont
+lat
-lab
+ant
+cor
-high
-back
-round

[w]
+son
-cons
+cont
-lat
+lab
-ant
-cor
+high
+back
+round
Minimal
Distance ?
The Naturalness of a
Common Process
• McCarthy (1988, p.86): A common process (...) is
accomplished by an elementary operation of the
theory. [An uncommon process is far more complex to
state].
• Blumstein (1991, p.157): [L]inguistic theory makes
implicit assumptions and predictions about possible
relations among the sounds of a language (...).
Phoneme substitutions should occur more commonly
among sounds sharing a number of feature
dimensions, for example, /p/- /b/ versus /t/- /w/.
Moreover, sound substitutions should be characterized
more commonly by single feature changes than by
several feature changes.
Sonority Hierarchy
• Real consonants:
obstruent
/p,t,k../
/f,s,x../
• Sonorant consonants:
Somewhere in
between vowels
and consonants
• Real vowels:
nasal
liquid
glide
/n,m../
/l,r../
/j,w../
vowel
/i,u../
/a/
Sonority & Markedness
Least marked: vowels and obstruents
Most marked: liquids
(1;2)
glides; liquids; nasals
vowels; obstruents
Sonority Hierarchy (cf. Jespersen, 1904)
• Least sonorant: obstruents /p,t,k../
/f,s,x../
nasals
/n,m../
liquids
/l,r../
glides
/j,w../
vowels
/i,u../
/e,o../
• Most sonorant:
/a/
Satellite Positions
syllabe
onset
rhyme
margin
nucleus
m.core satellite
s
l
peak
a
satellite
coda
Phonological Analysis
• Gliding process: /l/  []
• D. Gilbers (1992), Phonological Networks, a theory of segment
representation, PhD Thesis, Groningen University:
• Minimal Change in the phonological Control
component
• … leads to a series of articulatory feature
changes in the Phonetic Component (Dominoeffect)
Psycholinguistic Evidence
• R. Bastiaanse, D. Gilbers, K vd Linde (1994): Sonority
Substitutions in Broca’s and Conduction Aphasia, in: Journal of
Neurolinguistics, vol.8.4, p.247-255
• Broca’s (phonetically-based disorders) vs.
Conduction Aphasics (phonologically-based
disorders)
• Gliding explained as a phonological process
Acoustic Evidence
• D. Gilbers (2002), Conflicting phonologically based and
phonetically based constraints in the analysis of /l/-substitutions,
in M.Beers, P.Jongmans & A. Wijnands (eds) Netwerk eerste
Taalverwerving, Net-bulletin 2001, Leiden 2002, p.22-40
• Gliding explained as a phonetic process
Liquids and Glides Perceptively
(Ainsworth and Paliwal, 1984)
typical set of responses obtained from listening to
glide/liquid-vowel synthetic stimuli (simplified)
3160 Hz
w w w l
l
l
l

w w w l
l
l
l
F3 loc. freq. w w w r r
r
l

w w w r r
r
j
1540 Hz
w w r
r r
r
r
760 Hz 
F2 locus freq. 
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
2380 Hz
Phonology vs. Phonetics
• Thesis: An adequate account of phonological
data is only possible if phonologically based and
phonetically based influences interact
OT seems to be the perfect tool to bridge the
gap between phonological and phonetic
accounts