Transcript INOV & COL LEARNING

Models of Entrepeneurial Cooperation
NETIE: Lisboa, 2-3 November 2000
BUILDING SYSTEMS of INNOVATION and
COMPETENCE BUILDING
THROUGH COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
Pedro Conceição and Manuel Heitor
CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+
Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon
http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt
The scope
• accelerating technological
Change
• clustering effects along the value chain
• strategic development of technology platforms
• collaborative learning
The question
Which trends for technology-based
cooperation, in a way to stimulate
localised learning, innovation and
endogeneous development?
Our argument...
The scope:...
the globalized “learning society”!
Knowledge Institutions
Learning Organisations
Intellectual Property
Learning Networks
The need for institutional renewal,
…promoting diversity with institutional integrity at the supply side of technology,
(Conceicão & Heitor, 1999)
The need for technology clusters
BUT, understanding the role of social capital
(Conceicão, Gibson, Heitor & Sirilli, 2000), to
stimulate the inclusive development !
The contents
1. THE OBJECTIVE
2. THE CONTEXT: accelerating Technological Change
3. THE ARGUMENT: Building Social Capital in technology contexts
clustering effects along the value chain
4. Case Study: internet clustering
5. Promoting collaborative learning: Case Studies
The context
OCDE: “FUTURES”, Hannover 2000
EC: “IPTS - Futures Report”, 2000
1.
The “new” economy: “the big boom”
2.
Technological change: accelerating
3.
Social Dynamics: complexity and diversity
4.
“Governance”: a new model!
The structure of the “new” economy
Technology replaces employment
Industrial
era
Knowledge
era
I- Recession
Economy without employment
Services
Demand Deficit
Services
Indústry
Value creation
Indústry
Entrepreneurial economy
Agriculture
Agriculture
II- Growth
Technology creates
new industries and opportunities
Technological Change:
materials, IPTS(1999)
10 000 BC
5000 BC
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE
GOLD
COOPER
0
BRONZE
IRON
1000
1500 1800
1900
METALS
POLYMERS
1980
AL-LITHIUM ALLOYS
DUAL PHASE STEELS
STEELS
ALLOY
STEELS
IVORY
COMPOSITES
MICROALLOYED STEELS
RUBBER
WOOD
BAKELITE
POTTERT
GLASS
CERAMICS
10000 BC
5000 BC
ALLOYS
REFRACTORIES
PORTLAND
CEMENT
0
1000 1500 1800
FUSED
SILICA
1900
HIGH MODULUS
POLYMERS
COMPOSITES
CERAMIC COMPOSITES
METAL-MATRIX
COMPOSITES
KEVLAR
CERAMICS
SUPERCONDUCTORS
TOUGH ENGINEERING
CERAMICS
CERMETS
1940
POLYMERS
HIGH TEMPERATURE
POLYMERS
EPOXIES
POLYESTERS
NYLON
CEMENT
2020
CONDUCTING
POLYMERS
SUPER ALLOYS
TITANIUM
ZINCONIUM
ETC
2010
NEW SUPER ALLOYS
DEVELOPMENT SLOW
MOSTLY QUALITY
CONTROL AND
PROCESSING
PAPER
STONE
FLINT
2000
SURFACE
ENGINEERING
LIGHT
ALLOYS
BRICKS (with STRAW)
1990
METALS
GLASSY METALS
CAST IRON
SKIN
FIBRE
GUMS
1960
1940
1960
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Technological Change:
telecommunications
Technological Change:
perspectives
The Convergence: telecommunications and computers ...
The QUESTION : scope and scale
TECHNOLOGIES
•more technologies to
produce each product
PROCESSES
PRODUCT
TECHNOLOGY
•more products produced from
a given technology
Source: von Tunzelmann (1999))
PROCESSES
PRODUCTS
Technological Change:
Emerging interactions...
Source: BIPE
from
to
information
technologies
materials
biotechnologies
energy
information
technologies
Telematics
Automation
Computers
Semiconductors
Superconductors
Biosensors
Biochips
Photovoltaic
applications
materials
Computer based
design of new
materials
New alloys
Ceramics and
composits
Bio-leaching
Biological ore
processing
Power lasers
biotechnologies
Instrumental analysis
of dna sequences
Membranes
Biocompatible
materials
Recombin. DNA
New drugs
Enzymatic Synthesis
Batteries
Pacemakers
Artificial Heart
energy
Supervision of
energy processes
Robotics
Security systems
Photovoltaic
materials
Fuel cells
Superconductors
New energy biomass
New reactors
Nuclear fusion
Technological Change:
Practical IMPLICATIONS
1.
A knowledge gap:
• “old”education systems to be renewed
• the need to promote diversified training and education systems
2.
Social and economic inequality
– Lagging regions: promoting local systems of knowledge creation and diffusion
But the need for:
•Building technology platforms: a strategic vision
•Promoting clustering effects: the value chain
...building SOCIAL CAPITAL in a technology context
Regional diversity in Western Europe
Source: Sixth Periodic Report DG XVI, 1998
A fragmented regional innovation system:
an institutionally blocked regional economy
SMEs
Large
firms
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Regional
Government
Universities
Large
firms
Sectoral
Associations
SMEs
SMEs
SMEsSMEs
Regional economy
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Chamber of
Commerce
SMEs
Technology
Centers
SMEs
Business
Services
Large
firms
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Technology
Consultants
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
A learning region: An efficient regional innovation system
Open gate: International R&D/academic excellence networks
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Open gate: International technology transfer networks
SMEs
SMEs
Large firms;
Tech. Centers;
Sect. Associations
Regional
economy
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Regional
government
SMEs
SMEs
Technology
Centers
Business
services &
tech. consultants
SMEs
SMEs
Sectoral
Associations
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Business
intermediaries:
Cham. of Comm.;
Local Agencies
BICs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Open gate: International business consultants & specialized business services
SMEs
SMEs
Global economy
Large
firms
Science base:
Universities;
Public R&D;
Laboratories
Valorisation
of R&D
and Tech.
Transfer
Office
SMEs
SMEs
Open gate: International value chains
SMEs
Cluster
Regional Innovation Strategies
Landabaso et al. (1999)
–
Internal coherence of the regional innovation system by connecting
its different key elements: R&TDI supply with well identified Demand
and business needs, from SMEs in particular.
– Increase the amount and, more importantly the quality of innovation
public spending through innovation projects (bigger and better spending
in this field through regional policy).
–
Rationalise the regional innovation support system by raising
awareness, eliminating duplications, filling gaps and promoting
synergies.
Successful stories: The Regional Technology Plans
Wales (UK), Limburg (Netherlands), Lorraine (France) and Leipzig-HalleDessau (Germany), Central Macedonia (Greece), Castilla Y Leon (Spain) and
Abruzzo (Italy).
What type of Social Capital ?
Table1- What Type of Social Capital?
North Italy
Putman [47]
Silicon Valley
Cohen and Fields [48]
Generic Description
Type of Networks
Type of Relationship
Dense civil society
Networks of Civic Engagement Informal, familial and
leading to a rich
communal trust
social community
Collaborative
partnerships for
innovation and
competitiveness
Networks of Innovation
Legally binding
formal contracts
Source: Conceicão, Gibson, Heitor & Sirilli (2000)
The issue
A specific issue: Regional DIVERSITY
•“With some notable exceptions, the regional developmment debate
in Europe has been dominated by exogeneous models to such an
extent that development tends to be conceived as something that
is introduced to, or visited upon, less favoured regions, LFRs,
from external doors…
• …this kind of regional policy did little or nothing to stimulate
localised learning, innovation and indigeneous development
within LFRs”,
Henderson & Morgan (1999)
The regional dimension:
technology and innovation gap …cont.
INSTITUTIONAL NETWORKS to mediate:
•mediate information exchange
• knowledge creation
•capacity for collective action
•potential for interactive learning
•efficacy of voice mechanisms
Henderson & Morgan (1999)
Social capital for inclusive development
OECD(2000)
Norway
Finland
Sweden
Denmark
Canada
Australia
Netherlands
US
UK
Switzerland
Iceland
Japan
Ireland
Korea
Spain
Austria
Belgium
Germany
Italy
France
Portugal
Portugal
Mexico
Turkey
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
A Measure of Trust
Source: World Values Survey. Percentage of people who responded in the affirmative to the question: “Generally speaking, would you say that most
people can be trusted?”
70
Building Social capital in technology contexts:
a case study – the internet industry
Develop software solutions Designed to enhance the Internet experience for both Consumers and business
Software Solutions
CONSUMER
ACCESS PROVIDERS
CONTENTS SERVICES
E-TAILERS
“THE INTERNET”
BUSINESS
INTERNET SERVICES
ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
E-CHANNELS
Enabling Technologies
Create hardware/software solutions which enable the efficient operation of the internet
a case study:
internet business model
Technological
Innovation
Business/Customer Support
On-line Products
and Services
Software
solutions
Content Services
•THE GLOBE.COM
•THE MOTLEY FOOL
•BROADCAST.COM
•MPATH
•MONSTER.COM
•NETCENTIVES •EARTHLINK
•MINDSPRING
Alternative
•AT&T
WorldNet
•VERIO
•COMPUSERVE •Ameritech
•NETCOM
Media
Traditional
Corporations
•ESPN
•CNN
•YAHOO
•Wall
St.
Journal
•MSN
•EARTHWEB
Access
Providers
•AOL
•EXCITE
@HOME
Service
Providers
•Networks
Associates
•WebOrder
•Vignette
•DOUBLECLICK
•Ariba
•USWEB/CKS
•IXL
•MEDIA TRIX
•RAZORFISH
•ABOVENET
IBM
•NetObjects
•Real Networks
•Egain
•Netscape
•Marimba
•Inktomi
•Sitara Networks
•Resonate
•Cisco IOS
•Hewlett-Packard
•Sun
•VERTICALNET
•BABY CENTER
•DELL
•BARNES &
NOBLE
•CHARLES
SCHWAB
•CITIBANK
•MACY’S
ECHANNELS
•AMAZON.C
OM
•E*TRADE
•BEYOND.C
OM
•EBAY
•Cisco
•Lucent/Ascend
•Nortel/Bay Networks
•Nexabit
•Netopia
•Broadcom
•Verifone
Enabling Technologies
•BUY.COM
E-tailers
Source: joint Venture – Sillicon Valley Network, 1999
Building Social capital in technology contexts:
a case study - internet clustering
•It is unlikely that technological clusters aimed at supporting service
integration will emerge, unless incentives exist to integrate elements
in the value chain... Hawkins (1997)
•Internet business models: creative destruction, as usual !!
(McKnigth et al, 2000)
•Continuous evolution to a “new” value chain
•The need to extend the analysis to the context:
-communities of users
-Regional/local context
Building CONTEXT:
the importance of LOCATION in a virtual medium
INTERNET
COMPANIES
IDEAS
TALENT
PILLAR
COMPANIES
•Management
•Engineering
•Programming
•Marketing
•Capital
•Management Talent
•Technical Resources
•Business Partners
ENTREPRENEURIAL
CULTURE
Universities
•Talent
•Research
•Networks
SUPPORT
SERVICES
•High-Tech Lawyers/
Accountants
•Incubators
•Industry Associations
INVESTORS
•Venture and Angel
Financing
•Network to Customers,
Business, Partners
And Talent
The contents ...
1. THE OBJECTIVE
2. THE CONTEXT: accelerating Technological Change
3. THE ARGUMENT: Building Social Capital in technology contexts
clustering effects along the value chain
4. Case Study: internet clustering
5. Promoting collaborative learning: Case Studies
The knowledge gap
(Scope: EUROPEAN REGIONS)
Edudation / training
for last 10 years
New
technologies
Education / training
acquired for more
than 10 years
2000
Existing
technologies
2010
2000
2010
2010: 80% of technologies with less than 10 years,
while 80% of working force has acquired training with more than 10 years
Promoting COLLABORATIVE LEARNING:
CASE STUDIES
1.
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AND VIRTUAL TEAMING IN
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
a program developed at:
IC2 INSTITUTE, Austin, USA
ITESM, Monterrey, MX
IST, Lisbon, PT
2.
ON THE DESIGN OF FREE-FORM, COMPLEX PRODUCTS
THROUGH COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
a case study on the design of a glass chair developed at:
MIT, Boston, USA
IST, Lisbon, PT
Key Components of the Experiments
Learning  A set of formal and informal processes and
practices, strongly influenced by the environment, that lead to
knowledge accumulation
Challenge  How to promote learning that links diverse
social actors with different degrees of development
Perspective  Universities
Mechanisms  Networks linking people in order to increase
their ability to learn
SOME CONCLUSIONS...
THE CONCEPT: the learning skill is the creative factor for
economic development.
THE CHALLENGE: to promote the valorisation of human and
intellectual capital, in a context favourable to innovation
and wealth creation, where learning networks assume a
critical role
THE TOOL: global networking through collaborative learning
and virtual teaming
Innovation and competence building
Clustering and learning in technology contexts…
...NEW opportunities for partnerships!
… debate
Contact: [email protected]; http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt
… debate