Transcript Harvard Style of Referencing

INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY
Harvard Style of Referencing
7/17/2015
By Lillian Tamale - FICT
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Overview
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What is referencing?
Why should you reference?
Which referencing system should you use?
Ways of citing
Verbs that help with Author-Prominent
Referencing
• Paraphrasing
• Should you Paraphrase or use Quotations?
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Terminologies
Referencing is the an act or instance of referring or
pointing to the source of the information.
Citation is the practice of referring to the work of
other authors in the text of your own piece of
work. Such works are cited to show evidence
both of the background reading that has been
done and to support the content and
conclusions.
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Terminologies Cont
• References list: an organised listing of the works
cited in the text, placed at the end of the
document.
• Bibliography: a full listing of all material consulted
in relation to the research, including any source
material not directly cited in the text, placed at the
end of the document.
N.B: It is therefore important, in any formal piece of
work, that you are clear exactly what the
requirements are for referencing and that you fulfill
those requirements.
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Why accurate citation & referencing.
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To give credit to the concepts and ideas of other
authors.
To provide the reader (often the marker/examiner
of the assignment) with evidence of the breadth
and depth of your reading.
To enable those who read your work to locate the
cited references easily.
To enable someone reading the document to find
the material you have referred to or consulted.
To demonstrate your width of reading and
knowledge about a subject.
To support and/or develop points made in the text.
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Why accurate citation & referencing conti.
• To avoid accusations of plagiarism: using
somebody else's work without acknowledging
the fact.
• Plagiarism is passing off the work of others as
your own. This constitutes
• academic theft and is a serious matter which is
penalised in assignment marking.
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Which referencing system should you use?
• Cavendish University Uganda desires to use the Harvard
Referencing Style other than other different referencing
systems used in academic writing because of the
following:• One of our objectives is to become the Harvard of Africa, so
we tend to embrace Harvard Referencing Style looking up
to that best University.
• Still, it is easier than others where by the reader and the
researcher can not be confused due its details and order.
N.B: It is important that you use this referencing system
required for your assignment
• and maintain consistency in using that system.
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Harvard style
• Commonly known as the author-date systems,
alphabetical/name-date system.
• It uses a single line spacing (1.5) and a font
size of 12.
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Ways of citing
• There are two ways of citing references:
1. Author prominent
• This way gives prominence to the author by using the
author’s surname (family name) as part of your sentence
with the date and the page number in parentheses (round
brackets).
Direct quote example
• Cowie (1996, p. 91) argues that ‘socialism rejected the
liberal ideals of individualism and competition’.
Paraphrase example
• Cowie (1996) suggests that unlike capitalism, socialism
promotes the good of the whole before
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the
good of the individual.By Lillian Tamale - FICT
Ways of citing continued..
2. Information prominent
• This gives prominence to the information, with all the
required referencing details in parentheses at the end of
the citation.
Direct quote example
• It has been argued that ‘socialism rejected the liberal ideals
of individualism and competition’
(Cowie 1996, p. 91).
Paraphrase example
• Unlike capitalism, socialism promotes the good of the
whole before the good of the individual (Cowie 1996).
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Paraphrasing
• Means to repeat accurately and concisely or briefly
in your own words something you have read.
• If your work does not refer to specific ideas on
particular pages of a resource but to general
themes mentioned throughout the resource, page
numbers need not be shown.
General theme
• Studies (Tanner 1999) indicate that the economic
structure of Australia today is far more
• unpredictable and unstable than it was thirty years
ago.
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Paraphrasing continued..
Specific idea
• Tanner (1999, p. 22) claims that the
introduction of the GST in the Australian
economic structure
• has not impacted the price of fuels.
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Should you Paraphrase or use
Quotations?
• It is preferable that you paraphrase (put ideas in your
own words) as too many quotations (using the exact
words) can lead to a poorly written assignment.
• A general rule in academic circles is that no more than
10% of an assignment should be in the form of direct
quotations.
• No matter whether you use quotations or paraphrase
another’s words, you always need to give references—
both in the text and in the reference list.
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Citations
• Harvard style citations consist of author or editor
family names and the date of publication of an
item. One of two forms may be used:
1. Wangi (1989) considers how to run a ...
2. One commentator (Gray 1989) has looked at ...
• Where a work has more than three authors or
editors, cite the name of the first named author
or editor only, followed by, et al.:
e.g. A study of flora in Kenya (Stadler, J., et al. 2000)
suggests ...
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Citations
If you refer to two or more sources by the same
person from the same year, distinguish them by
adding a lower-case letter after the year, as
follows:
Collins (2001a), Collins (2001b), Collins (2001c) etc.
Where quoting directly from a work, or referring to
particular pages, provide the page number(s)
after the date:
"How well you select your professional and
business advisers will have a direct bearing on
your business success." (Gray 1989, p.118)
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References lists and bibliographies
General points
• References list or Bibliography is listed in alphabetical order
by author's family name. If an author has written more
than one work, the works for that author should be listed
in date order, oldest first. Where more than one work by
the same author from a single year is referenced, put them
in the alphabetical order of the additional lower-case
notation. Thus (2000a) would go above (2000b) in the list.
• If a work is a second or subsequent edition, the edition
number should be noted after the title in the form 2nd ed.,
as appropriate.
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• It is customary to put the titles of books and
journals in italics. An alternative is to underline
them. Whichever method you use, use it
throughout. The examples below all use italics.
1. Academic thesis
• Author - family name, initials. (Year). Title of
thesis. Type of thesis. Institution.
Example
• Maloney, D.R. (1996). An investigation into the
mechanism of catalytic chain transfer
polymerisation. Ph.D. thesis. University of
Warwick.
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2. Book
• Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of
book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples
1. Anthony, G. (2002). UK public law and
European law. Oxford: Hart.
2. Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C. and
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H. (1996). Gas turbine
theory. 4th ed. Harlow: Longman.
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3. Web site (excluding online journals)
• A Web site has no identifiable author, and is not
the work of an organisation, leave out the author
details, beginning the reference with the title of
the Web page.
• Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year, month
day). Title of document. [Online]. (URL). Place of
publication: Publisher. (Date accessed).
• Benn, T. (2002, June 21). Recognition in a
democracy. [Online]. (URL
http://www.tonybenn.com/reco.html). (Accessed
12 February 2004).
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4. Report
• It is important to be able to identify the body on whose
behalf research was carried out. For this reason, if a
research report is part of a series, the title for the series
and the volume/number of the report should be given at
the end of the reference.
• Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of report.
Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. (Series and
vol./no.).
Example
• Chang, D., et al. (2001). Modernizing service delivery: the
better government for older people prototypes. Leeds:
Corporate Document Services. (Department of Social
Security research report no. 136).
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5. Conference paper
• Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of paper. In:
Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). Title of conference,
location, date held. Place of publication: Publisher, Page
number(s).
E.g: Micelli, F., Myers, J.J. and Murthy, S.S. (2002?).
Performance of FRP confined concrete subjected to
accelerated environmental conditioning. In: Benmokrane,
B. and El-Salakawy, E., eds. Durability of fiber reinforced
polymer (FRP) composites for construction: proceedings of
the second International Conference (CDCC 02), Montreal,
May 29-31 2002. Sherbrooke: Université de Sherbrooke,
pp. 87-98.
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6. CD-ROM
Example
• Title of product. [CD-ROM]. City of publication:
Publisher, Year.
World development indicators. [CD-ROM].
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2003.
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Other Reference Styles
1. American Psychological Association (APA)
Style Guide
2. Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style
Guide
3. Turabian Style Guide
4. Chicago Manual of Style
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Bibliography
Lia, X. and Crane, N.B. (1996). Electronic styles: a guide to
citing electronic information. 2nd ed. Medford, N.J.:
Information Today.
Staffordshire University. (2011). Harvard referencing
examples. [Online]. (URL
http://www.staffs.ac.uk/uniservices/infoservices/library/fin
d/references/harvard/index.php). Stafford: Staffordshire
University. (Accessed 6 June 2011).
University Library. (2010). Guide to the Harvard style of
Referencing [Online]. (URLhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk
/referencing/Harvard). Anglia Ruskin University. (Accessed
6 June 2011).
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