Transcript Lysbilde 1 - Helsingin yliopisto

LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND
HIGHER EDUCATION IN MULTILINGUAL
INDIGENOUS SOCIETIES
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Indigenous knowledge
Western scientific
knowledge
Relationship
Subordinate
Dominant
Dominant mode of thinking
Intuitive
Analytical
Communication
Oral
Teaching through doing and
story-telling
Literate
Didactic
Characteristics
Holistic
Subjective
Experimental
Reductionistic
Objective
Positivist
Data creation
Slow/Inclusive
Fast/Selective
Prediction
Short time cycles
Recognises the onset of
long-term cycles
Short-term linear
Poor long-term prediction
Explanation
Spiritual - Eincludes the
Inexplicable
Scientific Hypotheses
Theory and Laws
Biological classification
Ecological
Inclusive-internally
differentiating
Genetic and Hierarchical
Differentiating
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Topics (Alaska Rural Systematic Initiative)
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Animal behaviour
Building design/materials
Clothing design/insulation
Counting/measurements/estim
ation
Eidible plants/diet/nutrition
Fire/heating/cooking
Food preservation/preparation
Genealogy
Hunting/fishing/trapping
Language/terminology/concep
ts
Medicinal plants/medical
knowledge
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Observation skills
Pattern recognition
Rules of survival/safety
Seasonal changes/cycles
Star
knowledge/constellations
Tools/Technology
Transportation
Waste disposal
Weapons
Wether forecasting
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snow quality
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geardni “thin crust of snow”
gaska-geardi ‘layer of crust’
luotkku “loose snow”
moarri “brittle crust of snow, thin frozen surface of snow.... which
does not quite bear”
ruokŋa “thin hard crust of ice on snow”
seaŋaš “granular snow at the bottom of the layer of snow”
skárta “thin (more or less ice-lindigenous knowledgee) layer of
snow frozen on to the ground”
skáva “very thin layer of frozen snow”
skávvi “crust of ice on snow, - formed in the evening after the sun
has thawed the top of the snow during the day”
soavli “very wet, slushy snow, snow-slush”
skoavdi “empty space between snow and the ground”
vahca “loose snow (especially new snow on the top of a layer of
older snow or on a road with snow on it)”
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SIIVU
• bearta “heavy going because the ground is bare (without
snow) in many places”
• bohkolat “deep snow of varying depth; small (steep)
snow-drift on road or where one goes (plur.: wavelindigenous knowledgee little (steep) snow drifts”
• časttas “hard snowdrift (smaller than skálvi)”
• čearga “snowdrift which is so hard that it bears; crust of
drift-snow”
• činus “firm, even snow (but not firm enough to bear)”
• dobádat “sticky snow, heavy wet snow”
• fáska “snow blown together by the wind, snowdrift (of
snow blown along the ground)”
• gálja “very slippery going, frozen, slippery surface”
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SIIVU cont
• girrat “heavy (of the going in frosty weather,
especially when there has been a hard frost
after a fall of snow)”
• joavggahat “place where the snow lies
particularly deep after a fall of snow”
• lavki “slippery going: ice covered with loose, dry
snow with no foothold”
• moarri “the kind of going, surface, when the
frozen snow or crust of ice breaks and cuts the
legs of horses or reindeer”
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SIIVU cont
• muovllahat “place where people or animals have
ploughed through or plunged along in deep snow or a
soft bog”
• njeađga “’ground drift’ (drifting snow which gets blown
up from the ground( which covers roads or tracks”
• oavlluš “depression, hollow, with slushy snow in it, on
land or on ice”
• oppas “untouched, untrodden, covering of snow (where
no way, road, has been made by walking or driving, or
where reindeer have not grazed), deep snow, untrodden
reindeer pasture in winter”
• rodda “hard going (too little snow)”
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SIIVU cont
• sievlla “the state of things when the spring snow is so
soft that one sinks in it”
• skálvi “big (high, steep and usually hard) snow-drift”
• skoarádat “the kind of going in which one hears a
grating noise (as the kjerris, sleigh, ski passes over a
rough surface)”
• spoatna “hard, firm, snow to drive on (when there is little
snow)”
• veađahat “place where snow has been blown away;
(nearly) bare patch (where the wind has blown away the
snow)”
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Age in
years
Basic
terms
0 - 0.5
miessi
0.5 - 1
čearpmat
1 - 1.5
(varit-čoarvedahkki)
1.5 - 2
varit
2 - 2.5
(vuobirs-čoarvedahkki)
2.5 - 3
vuobirs, vuorsu
3 - 3.5
(gottos-čoarvedahkki)
spáillit
3.5 - 4
gottos
heargi<-> spáillit
4 - 4.5
(goasohas-čoarvedahkki)
heargi<-> spáillit
4.5 - 5
goasohas
heargi<-> spáillit
5 - 5.5.
(máhkanas-čoarve-dahkki)
heargi<-> spáillit
5.5. - 6
máhkanas
heargi<-> spáillit
6 - 6.5
6.5 -
Alternative designations
after castration
heargi<-> spáillit
nammaláhpat
heargi<-> spáillit
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reindeer (body, behaviour)
• baggi “one who is small and fat, a small animal (esp.
reindeer) with large belly”
• biltu “ shy and wild one (usually of female reindeer;
sometimes of girls)”
• beavrrit “reindeer with longer legs and a slimmer build
than usual”
• buoidi “fat”
• busat “who has large testicles or (of reindeer) only one,
but a very large, testicle”
• čálggat “young animal who is so far advanced that he
can accompany his mother even in difficult conditions”
• čeagŋi “short-legged animal”
• darsi “fatty, a short fat person etc. (…esp. of a fat
reindeer with short, branchy antlers)”
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reindeer (body, behaviour)
• doalli “apt to resist (esp. of reindeer; the opposite of
láiddas)”
• guoirras “thin, lean and dry”
• jáhnit, julsu “big fat male reindeer”
• goanzi “a tall, ungainly creature (also of a long-legged
animal)”
• gissor “small draught reindeer”
• goaisu “male reindeer who keeps apart all the summer
and is very fat when autumn comes”
• jáđas “obstinate, difficult to lead”
• joliin leat (be in) “good condition” or “middling fatness”
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reindeer (body, behaviour)
• láiddas “easy to lead by a rope or rein”
• livat “draught reindeer which is [must be “has”] worked
so hard that it cannot be used for long journeys”
• lojat “very tractable driving-reindeer”
• lojáš “very tame female reindeer”
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reindeer (body, behaviour)
• rávža “miserable, emaciated reindeer without a proper
coat”
• roaibu “reindeer which is so emaciated that its bones
protrude”
• roaivi “thin old reindeer”
• roanžžas “tall, thin and emaciated”
• roašku “big thin reindeer”
• riebbi “reindeer calf or lamb with a disproportinately
large belly”
• ruoinnas “lean”
• sarat “smallish male reindeer which chases a female
reindeer out of the herd in order to mate with it”
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description of one animal
• mu eamida-skivdnje-mearkkat-leanzemuzet-gálbbenjun-beavrrihis-lojesáldo-biellu
=‘my wife’s-with an oblique cut-mark- with
antlers which stick out very slopingly to the
side-brownish-black- white on the nose
and (or) forehead- with longer legs and a
slimmer build than usual-good-temperedfemale reindeer-with a bell’.
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Saami languages
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1.South Saami (300-500)
2.Ume Saami (few old speakers)
3. Pite Saami (few old speakers)
4. Lule Saami (2000-3000)
5.North Saami (17 000)
6.Anár Saami (300-500)
7.Skolt Saami (300-500)
8.Kildin Saami (650)
9.Ter Saami (few old speakers)
10. Akkala Saami (few old speakers)
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The development of the Saami written language:
1619 First printed book - a mixture of little value
1648 First attempt to create a common Saami written standard on the basis of the western Saami
languages
1744 Saami orthography created in Sweden based on South Saami
1756 K. Leem: North Saami orthography
1811 First Bible translation based on South Saami
1840 N. V.Stockfleth: North Saami orthography
1895 J. A. Friis/Bible North Saami orthography
1906 L. A. Itkonen: Anár Saami orthography
1915 K. B. Wiklund: Lule Saami orthography
1926 K. Nielsen: North Saami orthography
1932 P. Ravila: North Saami orthography
1947 Bergsland/Ruong: North Saami and Lule Saami orthography
1951 E. Itkonen: North Saami orthography
1973 Korhonen, Moshnikoff, Sammallahti: Skolt Saami orthography
1976 Saami Language Board: South Saami orthography
1978 Saami Language Board: North Saami orthography
1982 Saami Language Board: Lule Saami orthography
1980ies Saami Language Board: Revised Anár Saami orthography
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á
đ
ŧ
ŋ
š
č
ž
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Nielsen
k'k
kk
g
ak'ko akko
Present spelling
hkk
hk
g
áhkku áhku
johka joga
jokkâ jogâ
gg
kk
jeaggi jeakki
g'g
gg
jæg'ge jægge
c'c
cc
z
fac'câ faccâ
baccet bazam
z'z
zz
vaz'zet vazzam
l'l
ll
gal'lo gallo
l
hcc
hc
z
fáhcca fáhca
báhcit bázán
zz
cc
ázzit váccán
ll
ll
l
gállu gállu
gállu gálu
gallo galo
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ruhtadit ‘finance’ is derived from ruhta ‘money’
cealkka ‘sentence’ is derived from cealkit ‘to say, to pronounce’
suorggidit ‘to derive’ is derived from suorgi ‘branch’.
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“Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible, and
as appropriate ...
“(j) Subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve
and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of
indigenous and local communities embodying
traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity and promote
their wider application with the approval and
involvement of the holders of such
knowledge…”(ART.8)
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Draft United Nations declaration on the
rights of indigenous peoples, art. 29:
• Indigenous peoples are entitled to the
recognition of the full ownership, control and
protection of their cultural and intellectual
property.
They have the right to special measures to
control, develop and protect their sciences,
technologies and cultural manifestations,
including human and other genetic resources,
seeds, medicines, knowledge of the properties
of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literatures,
designs and visual and performing arts.
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Draft United Nations declaration on the
rights of indigenous peoples, art. 15:
• " Indigenous children have the right to all
levels and forms of education of the State.
All indigenous peoples also have this right
and the right to establish and control their
educational systems and institutions
providing education in their own
languages, in a manner appropriate to
their cultural methods of teaching and
learning"
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The Norwegian Constitution, §
110A
• "It is incumbent on the govermental
authorities to take necessary steps to
enable the Sami population to safeguard
and develop their language, their culture
and their social life".
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Language rights:Legislation
• Finland 1992
• Norway 1992
• Sweden 2000
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