Transcript Ch. 3 - Jessamine County Schools

Therapies
Chapter 13
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Insight Therapies
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Psychoanalysis
Designed to bring repressed feelings and
thoughts to conscious awareness
 Free association
 Transference
 Countertransference
 Insight
 Freudian Slips
 Dream Analysis
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Client-Centered Therapy
Developed by Carl Rogers
 Goal is to help clients become fully
functioning
 Therapist expresses unconditional positive
regard
 Therapy is nondirective
 Therapist reflects clients’ statements
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Gestalt Therapy
Fritz Perls
 Emphasizes the wholeness of personality
 Attempts to reawaken people to their
emotions and sensations in the here-andnow
 Encourages confrontation with issues
 Therapist is active and directive
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Behavior Therapies
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Behavior Therapies
Based on the belief that all behavior is
learned
 Objective of therapy is to teach people
new ways of behaving
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Using Classical Conditioning
Techniques
Systematic desensitization (counterconditioning
 Extinction
 Flooding
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Full-intensity exposure to feared object
Implosion
 Aversive conditioning
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Eliminate undesirable behavior by associating
it with pain and discomfort
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Operant Conditioning
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Behavior contracting
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Token economy
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Client and therapist set behavioral goals and agree
on reinforcements the person will receive
Clients earn tokens for desired behaviors and
exchange them for desired items or privileges
Often used in schools and hospitals or with juvenile
delinquents
Premack Principle
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Modeling
Person learns new behaviors by watching
others perform those behaviors
 Sometimes used in conjunction with
operant conditioning
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Cognitive Therapies
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Stress-Inoculation Therapy
Type of cognitive therapy that trains
people to cope with stressful situations by
learning a more useful patterns of self-talk
 Taught to suppress negative and anxietyprovoking thoughts in times of stress
 Particularly effective for treating anxiety
disorders
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)
A directive therapy based on the idea that
psychological distress is caused by
irrational and self-defeating beliefs
 Core problem is belief in “musts” and
“shoulds” that leave no room for making
mistakes
 Therapist’s job is to challenge client’s
irrational beliefs
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Aimed at identifying and changing
inappropriately negative and self-critical
patterns of thought
 Good treatment for depression
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Group Therapies
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Family Therapy
Form of group therapy that sees the family
as at least partly responsible for the
individual’s problems
 Seeks to change all family members’
behavior to the benefit of the family and
the individual
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Couple Therapy
A form of group therapy intended to help
troubled partners improve their
communication and interaction
 Empathy training
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Partners taught to share feelings and listen to
and understand partner’s feelings
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Self-Help Groups
Small, local gatherings of people who
share common problems and provide
mutual assistance at very low cost
 Alcoholics Anonymous is an example
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
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Does Psychotherapy Work?
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Psychotherapy helps about 2/3rd of people treated
Approximately 1/3 would improve without therapy
Which Type of Therapy is Best for Which
Disorder?
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No one type of therapy is better
Key is to match the problem with the appropriate
therapy
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Biological Treatments
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Drug Therapies
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Major reasons for widespread use of drugs
Drugs are effective at treating disorders
 Drug therapies are often less expensive that
psychotherapy
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Antipsychotic Drugs
Used for schizophrenia or psychosis
 All antipsychotics block dopamine
receptors in the brain
 Phenothiazines (Thorazine)
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Antidepressant Drugs
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Tricyclics and MAO inhibitors
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Most common antidepressants prior to late 1980s
Work by increasing amount of the neurotransmitters
serotonin and norepinephrine
Effective, but have serious side effects
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
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Work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Effexor
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Action of SSRIs
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Lithium
A naturally occurring salt that is used to
treat bipolar disorder (manic depression)
 Nobody knows how lithium works to
alleviate symptoms
 Problem with people stopping medication
when symptoms ease
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Other Medications
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Psychostimulants
Use to treat disorders such as AD/HD
 Concern that psychostimulants are being
overused
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Antianxiety medications
Use to treat anxiety disorders
 Produce a feeling of calm and mild euphoria
 Valium is a common antianxiety medication
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Commonly known as “shock therapy”
 Used as a treatment for severe depression
 Causes brief convulsions and temporary
loss of consciousness
 Memory loss is a side-effect
 Newer techniques minimize effects on
memory
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Psychosurgery
Brain surgery performed to change a
person’s behavior or emotional state
 A prefrontal lobotomy is an example
 Psychosurgery is rarely used today
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Institutionalization and Its
Alternatives
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Deinstitutionalization
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Releasing people with severe psychological
disorders into the community
Can cause problems
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Some people are ill-prepared to deal with life outside
of a hospital
Up to 40% of homeless are mentally ill
Alternative forms of treatment (many)
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Half-way houses
Family-crisis interventions
Day-care
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Prevention
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Primary prevention
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Improve the social environment so that new cases of
mental disorders do not develop
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Secondary prevention
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Family planning
Genetic counseling
Interventions with high risk groups (e.g., suicide hotline)
Tertiary prevention
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Help people adjust after they are released from the
hospital in order to help prevent a relapse
Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Gender Differences in Treatment
More women admit problems and go to
therapy
 Women are more likely to take medication
 Psychotherapy is seen as more
acceptable for women
 Recent increases in number of males
seeking psychotherapy
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall
Cultural Difference in Treatment
Eye contact and body language varies
across cultures and may be misinterpreted
as symptomatic of a disorder
 Another challenge is treating posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees
 There may be disorders in other cultures
that do not appear in U.S.
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Psychology: An Introduction
Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto
© 2005 Prentice Hall