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UNESCO
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
POLICY MEETING
GABORONE, BOTSWANA
22-26 SEPTEMBER 2008
SOUTH AFRICAN REPORT
Presentation structure
• Socio-economic backdrop to policy
• Policy review history (1994 – 2008)
• Recent OECD review on South Africa’s
National System of Innovation
• Review responses
On the economy
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Took up government in 1994 with deficit;
High levels of poverty and unemployment;
Serious challenges in provision of basic services;
Step-change in growth since 2004, about 4.5% on average, but ‘consumer and
commodity-led’;
Longest run of positive economic growth in SA’s recorded history;
Higher growth potential but ‘energy intensive’;
Economic activity ‘fossil-fueled’;
Severe shortage of science, engineering and technical skills;
Explosive shifts in human settlement patterns (growth of urban slums);
Downturn in global economic outlook, 2008...
Turbulence in global markets, rising inflation, serious concerns over rising food
prices …
Science Policy
Review history (1995 – 2008)
R’m
3137
2007/2008 Follow-up SETI reviews
every 4 to 5 years
2007 Ten Year Innovation Plan
2007 OECD SA-NSI Review
Reviews generate
the story-line. The
story presents the
case for the
budget-line
R’m
1630
2004 Ministry for Science & Technology established
2004 Science Vote abolished as planning & budgeting
coordination instrument and new governance model
adopted for SETIs
2002/2003 Follow-up SETI reviews every 4 to 5 years
2002 National R&D Strategy
2001 EU SA-NSI Review
1999 Scenarios-focused Research and Technology Foresight completed, 12 sectors
plus 1 cross-cutter (human capital)
R’m
418
R’m
276
1998 Department of Science & Technology established; KPIs for SETIs; FRD changed to NRF
1998 Innovation Fund established
1997 Reviews – Science, Engineering and Technology Institutions (SETIs), 12 plus system-wide
synthesis report;
1997 Research and Technology Audit
1996 White Paper – adoption of NSI concept
1995-1996 Green Paper consultations
The issues the White Paper addressed as failures
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A fragmented National System of Innovation (NSI);
An inadequately co-ordinated NSI;
The erosion of innovative capacity;
Poor levels of investment in research and development;
An urgent need to redress the imbalances created by past
policies and actions;
• A lack of resources to meet commitments in respect of
regional development;
• A poor competitive position within the global environment.
The new policy directions that were proposed within the NSI
framework included the following
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Creation of clear channels for capacity building, science
and technology human resource development and inequity
redress;
Establishment of mechanisms to re-allocate government
spending according to new priorities to promote innovative
solutions, particularly related to problems of the
disadvantaged;
Processes that will challenge government research
institutions to derive more support from competitive
sources of funding;
Introduction of processes allowing longer-term
perspectives in planning and budgeting for R&D; and
Promotion of institutional changes and new management
approaches to accommodate the above proposed
mechanisms and processes.
1997 SETI Reviews
The White Paper on Science and Technology mandated an investigation
into the structure and governance of South Africa’s science and
technology system.
During 1997 the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology
(DACST) therefore initiated and managed a series of twelve separate
evaluations of science, engineering and technology institutions in order
to establish how these institutions could be restructured or reconfigured
to meet broad national goals.
The teams for the twelve institutional reviews were drawn up from senior
science and technology practitioners and managers both locally and
internationally. The criteria of race and gender were also strong
determinants in the selection process. A number of candidates were from
the African continent.
1997 Review findings
The Review concluded that parts of the system were functioning
extremely well – for example, some core competencies of the CSIR,
MINTEK, the Council for Geoscience (CGS) and the Medical Research
Council (MRC) were evaluated and acclaimed as world-class.
In most of the other institutions the basic technical expertise was seen
to be of a high standard. However, there were deficiencies of varying
degrees of severity in respect of strategic vision, research
management and equitable human resource development.
HSRC to re-orientate to public purpose R&D agenda and CSIR to chart
a way back to science as opposed to consulting contract focus.
From a structural perspective significant recommendations were made
regarding the Atomic Energy Corporation (AEC)-separate public
interest from commercial operations, the South African Weather
Bureau (agentise SAWB) and the Africa Institute of South Africa.
1998 Scorecard approach introduced for Science
Council KPIs
• Financial & Investment perspective
• Stakeholder/Customer perspective
• Organizational perspective
• Innovation and learning perspective
• Human Resource Development
perspective
KPIs: Financial & Investment
Perspective
• Targeting and managing research
investment
• ROI on intangible property/savings to state
& society
• Market/user relationship
• Competitiveness (first, second or last port of
call)
• Management of operating costs, technology,
capital assets)
KPIs: Stakeholder/customer
perspective
• Support of NSI goals
• National development imperatives
• Ensuring access to knowledge
infrastructure
• Technology diffusion/dissemination of
information & research results
• Supporting quality policy decisionmaking
• Promoting networks & linkages
KPIs: Organizational perspective
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Close to operational best practice
Quality of science & technology base
Quality of science & technology services/products
Relevance of research portfolio
Profile i.r.o. partnerships/joint ventures/cooperation agreements
• Corporate culture
KPIs: Innovation & learning perspective
• Contribution to national “knowledge stock”
• Development of human resources in science
& technology (knowledge capital)
• Integration with “knowledge based economy”
• Nature and extent of Foresight capacity for
engagement in new core technology areas
• Nature and degree of commitment to
promoting “public understanding of science
and technology”
KPIs: HRD & Transformation
• Training and development
• Employment equity
• Remuneration equity
• Democratization
Twin objectives
Wealth
Creation
Quality of life
SET Human
Capital
Technical progress
(Improvement and
Innovation)
Business
performance
Imported
know-how
Future R&D
capacity
Current R&D
Capacity
2002 Indicators based National R&D Strategy
Wealth
Creation
Quality of life
•Technology Achievement Index
SET Human Capital
•Researchers in workforce
•Demographics of SET workforce
Future R&D
capacity
Technical progress
(Improvement and
Innovation)
•Patents
•Business R&D intensity
•ICT uptake indicators
Current R&D
Capacity
•Technology based growth
Business
performance
•Technology/ trade mix
•Key sector performance
•New sectors (e.g. biotech)
Imported
know-how
•Technology balance of payments
•Share of publications
•R&D intensity (investment)
•University enrolments
•S&T post-graduate degrees
•University Exemptions in Maths and Science
Indicators
OECD SA-NSI Review
The Process
• Project co-ordination: NACI and OECD
Secretariat
• Negotiated and finalised TOR
• DST developed the SA Background
Report
“The South African National System of
Innovation: Structure, Policies and
Performance
OECD SA-NSI Review Process cont…
• Using the report as a tool for the national
strategic conversation
• Programme included players in all the
major stakeholder groups of the STI sector
• Culmination in a briefing session with
Minister Mangena and the DST Executive
2007 OECD Review: Key Findings
• Human Capital for SET is sub-optimal.
• A long term planning Framework is needed.
• The governance framework needs more vertical
and horizontal integration.
• There is an innovation chasm with an insufficient
number of research products directly influencing
the real economy.
• Science, Technology and Innovation for the 2nd
economy should be more pronounced and
visible.
OECD Review: Responses
• The development of the 10 Year Innovation Plan;
• Human Capital Strategy for Science, Engineering and
Technology;
• Inter-departmental Knowledge-Economy Forum
established;
• Structured bilaterals with sector departments;
• Active engagement within government cluster system;
• Governance problem persists – may lead to proposal to
revisit sector-focused governance model;
• Proposed establishment of the Technology Innovation
Agency;
• Considering innovative 2nd Economy STI interventions.
10-year innovation plan
• South Africa adopted a Ten-Year Innovation Plan
(2008-2018) in July 2007
• Major emphasis is the commitment to national
action for transitioning to a knowledge-based
economy through:–
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Human capital development (HCD)
Knowledge generation and exploitation (R&D)
Knowledge infrastructure development
Addressing the “innovation chasm” between research
results and societal benefits
Technology dependency or
knowledge economy?
Wealth
Creation
Quality of life
Technical progress
(Improvement and
Innovation)
Business
performance
SET Human Capital
Imported
know-how
Future R&D
capacity
Current R&D
Capacity
Framework for the new plan
OVERSEAS TECHNOLOGY SOURCES
Research
Development
Production
Local Industry &
Local
Industrial Products
Research Innovation “Chasm”
Research
Development
Manufacturing
New Kid on the block
Technology Innovation Agency (TIA)
 Technology commercialisation capacity: science,
engineering, technology, IP, industry analysis, market
analysis, investment analysis
 Enhanced funding capacity: seed/grant funds, loans/equity,
venture funds
 Technology nursery: advisory services, incubation, SME
support
 Leading and resourcing Centres of Competence
It’s time to be ambitious
5 GRAND CHALLENGES
Become a Key player
in knowledge base on
‘Global Change’
science and planning
Innovation
towards
a knowledge economy
Technologies
for an ‘Energysecure Future’
Human and Social
Dynamics:
‘empowering society
in a complex world’
Farmer to Pharma:
establish an
integrated local
‘value-chain’
Become a
‘serious’
participant in
global ‘Space’
industry
The number of researchers the
key enabler
 The number of qualified researchers will not be achieved without outside
intervention
 A clear career path from BSc to researcher level has to be established,
 The Masters and PhD intern programmes have to become significant parts of
government funded research with graduation targets being significant part of the
monitoring.
 The production line of researchers will have to be continually watched for
bottlenecks, including hindrances and bottlenecks going in and out of the
systems
 Any one bottleneck, such as math matriculants, science and engineering
graduates, research projects and mentoring expertise will potentially derail the
human capital development programme.
The current pipeline is woefully
inadequate
Existing
National SET
pipeline
(2005)
26,000
HG Maths and
Science ~ per
yr
33,500
SET graduation
rates ~per yr
3,200
Hons grad
rates~ per
yr
2,900
Masters ~ per
yr (incl.
coursework)
561
PhD’s ~
per yr
Strategic Destination
Required
National and
SET target
pipeline (2025)
X 10 increase
260,000
Senior
certificate
with HG
Maths and
Science ~ per
year
335,000
HE SET
graduation
rates ~ per
year
32,000
Hons
graduation
rates ~ per
year
29,000
Masters
graduation
rates ~ per
year
SET Ph.Ds Produced = ~50% Total Ph.D Production!
5,610
PhD’s
per year
STRATEGIC POSITIONING
IN WHICH LEAGUE DO WE WANT TO PLAY?
Country
Factor
China??
X 0.34
India??
X 0.44
Brazil
X 1.9
Taiwan
X 2.3
Japan
X 4.9
USA
X 6.1
South Korea
X 6.8
UK
X 8.2
Australia
X 9.7
South Africa
In
2026
A 5 x increase
from current
situation
South Africa
In
2026
A 10 x increase
from current
situation
Available instruments for
implementing the HCD Strategy
South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChi);
Centres of Excellence;
Centres of Competence;
National Facilities;
Science Councils;
International postings.
Thank You