Transcript No Slide Title

CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY
Eliminate the
Guesswork!
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY
lnjection
Profile
School
If you don’t know where its going, it’s a disposal, not a flood.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Why?
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Determine where fluids are going.
Check mechanical integrity of well bore.
Verify conformance to formation porosity.
Locate channels.
Check perforations.
Check fill.
Find scale and build-up.
Discover holes or unreported perforations.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Objectives:
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SAFELY
Accurate and Quantative
Detect Mechanical Problems
Detect Channels
Minimize Risk to Well
Perform economically without sacrificing quality.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profile Log - Components
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Radioactive Tracers
Spinner Logs
Temperature Logs
Caliper Logs
Collar Logs
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profile Log - Logs
• Injecting Temperature Log
• Two Radioactive Tracer Logs
– The Intensity Profile
– Series of Stationary Velocity Measurements
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Channel Checks
Packer Check
Shut-In Temperature Logs
Cross-Flow Checks
Caliper Log
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Operator
• Review well records.
• Prepare a wellbore diagram:
– Current condition of the well.
– Significant past factors and changes.
– Well bore equipment (depths, i.d.):
• Casing, liners, tubing, packer(s), plugs, casing
shoe(s).
• Downhole control valves (mandrels).
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Operator
• Well configuration:
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Perforations.
Open hole intervals.
Plugged or squeezed zones
Known thief zones, channels, and other known areas of
possible fluid loss should be indicated.
• Well head:
– Height.
– Connection required.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Operator
• Unusual conditions:
– Remote injection control valves.
– High pressures (above 2000 PSI).
– Safety hazards (hydrogen sulfide).
– Restrictions or modifications to normal
procedures.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Operator
• Lease and well data:
– Maps with locations, roads, and plants.
– Tabulation of injection rates and pressures.
– Depth correlation logs (primary log, gamma ray,
collar log).
– Previous profile(s).
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Operator
• Additional equipment:
– Breathing apparatus.
– H2S monitors.
– Fluid containment systems.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Operator
• Preparation of the well for survey:
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Tubing or tail pipe 50' above the top perforation or shoe.
Full opening valve.
Stable rate 48 hours.
Slick line sinker bar run and T.D. check.
Rate meter and pressure gauge.
– Install crown valve
– Test valves and tree.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Operator
• Information needed at the well site:
– Maps with locations, roads, and plants.
– Tabulation of injection rates and pressures.
– Depth correlation logs (primary log, gamma ray, collar
log).
– Well diagrams.
– Previous profile(s).
– MSDS as required.
– Well history and recent workovers.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Service Company
• Proper pressure control equipment:
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Wireline blow out preventer.
Tool trap.
Full-opening bleed off valve (2 in.).
Pressure control head.
Lubricator risers.
• (All equipment must be rated and tested to the expected working pressure
limit.)
– Well head connections.
• Tool selection:
– Tool size (smallest internal diameter in well.)
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Service Company
• Tool configuration:
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Collar locator.
Radioactive ejector.
Detector(s).
Caliper.
Temperature tool.
• Radio isotope:
– Iodine (I-131), solution based on the type of fluid being injected.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Preparation: Service Company
• Documentation and information needed at the well site:
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Company Safety Policy and Procedures manual.
Material Safety Data sheets.
Radiation License
Document of Awareness (signed by Operator.)
MSDS for service company products.
Maps with locations, roads, and plants.
Tabulation of injection rates and pressures.
Depth correlation logs (primary log, gamma ray, collar log).
Well diagrams.
Previous profile(s).
MSDS from operator as required.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Procedures:
Rig Up and Run In
• Conduct pre job radiation level surveys.
• Install mast unit and lubricator.
• Load radioisotope ejector.
– Loaded with radioactive material according to Cardinal Surveys
Company Ejector Loading Procedures.
• Record tool serial numbers.
• Connect tracer survey tools.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Procedures:
Rig Up and Run In
• Shut off injection.
– Follow LOCKOUT/TAGOUT procedures as required.
• Connect lubricator.
• Lower tools into well.
• Start and check injection rate.
– Record average reading and meter make and model.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Logging Tools
•Scintillation Detector
16” to 24” radius of investigation
Geiger Detector is 80% less sensetive.
•O-ring sealed Ejector Port
•Temperature Tool
0.1 to 0.25 degrees F resolution
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Procedures:
Logging Procedure
• Logging procedure:
– Injecting temperature survey.
– Gamma-ray and collar log.
• Correlate to log provided.
– Gamma-ray base log.
• (Reduced sensitivity)
– Caliper survey.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Procedures:
Logging Procedure
• Logging procedure:
– Intensity profile.
• (One “Slug” of radioactive material.)
– Velocity profile.
• (Multiple stationary readings.)
– Downward channel check, if applicable.
– No Flow check, if applicable.
– Upward channel check (shoe or top perf.)
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Procedures:
Logging Procedure
• Logging procedure:
– Packer check.
– Tubing drop shots.
• (Verifies meter rate.)
– Check injection rate and record.
– Shut-in temperature surveys as required.
– Crossflow checks.
• (Necessary to interpret Shut-in Temps.)
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - Procedures:
Rig Down
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Remove tools from the well and bring into lubricator.
Shut well in.
Rig down.
Return the well to injection.
Monitor injection rate and pressure.
Report anomalies.
Inspect well head, location, etc.
Clean up. Report unsafe conditions or problems.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Volumetric Flow Rates
• Volume = PI x Dia^2 / 4 * L
• Volumetric Flow = Vol / Time
Diameter
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Application of Volumetric Rates
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Tracer Elapsed Time Runs
Stationary Velocities
Spinner Flow Meters
Tubing Drop Shots
Crossflow Checks
Production Log Velocities
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Caliper Log - Required!
In standard 5 1/2” Casing:
• A 1/4” buildup = 11% Error!
• A 1” buildup = 39% Error!
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Injecting Temperature Survey.
• First pass - Logging down (always) - First time to
tag up
• The logging speed is 50-60 feet per minute.
• The well is logged once from 200 feet above the
injection packer to L.T.D. while the well is
injecting.
Note: Due to diurnal-nocturnal temperature variations of injection
fluid, it may be advantageous to defer the injecting temperature survey
until immediately prior to well shut in.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles
Example Calculations
• I.D. = 4.96”
• Reaction Time = 26.5 sec.
• Tool Spacing = 5 ft.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles
Example Calculations
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I.D. = 4.96”
Reaction Time = 26.5 sec.
Tool Spacing = 5 ft.
Calculated velocity = 0.189 ft/sec
Calculated volumetric flow = 0.0252 cu.ft./sec
Flow = 388 BPD
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Injecting Temperature Survey.
• Temperature surveys are always run down (going
in the hole).
• The initial temperature survey should indicate:
– Well total depth (when corrected to depth control logs).
– Possibility of fluid loss below L.T.D. (log total depth),
or bottom of injection loss.
– Mechanical/well bore problems preventing movement
of tool.
– Decision to proceed!
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection
Temperature
Calculations and Interpretations:
Correlation Log
• Gamma Ray and Collar Log
• For Depth Correlation Purposes
• Earlier / Original Logs Better
– Avoid Depth Creep
• Good Quality Copies
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Intensity Profile
• Tool configuration - one scintillation
detector located below the ejector.
• Readings are made versus depth.
• Radioactive material is ejected ("slug")
above the perforated or open hole interval.
• Tools lowered approx. 20 ft. below slug,
and logged through slug ("drag run").
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Intensity Profile
• Repeat and catch slug at frequency adequate
to determine fluid loss.
• Slug logged at the constant speed.
• Repeat until slug stops moving or is lost to
formation.
• Loss calculations from area under curve
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Intensity Profile
• Quantified loss profile
• Bottom of injection movement (or loss
below L.T.D.)
• Possible channeling outside casing
• Possible holes in pipe or other mechanical
problems.
• Independent of wellbore diameter changes.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Intensity
Profile
(“Drag Run”)
Calculations and Interpretations:
Velocity Profile - Velocity Shots
• Data are recorded versus time. The tool string
remains stationary
• Eject a burst of radioactive material ("slug").
• The transit time of the slug moving to the
detector is recorded.
• Terminate and verify after 5 minutes.
• Repeat until zone is profiled.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Velocity Profile - Velocity Shots
• No movement is a “No Flow Slug”
• Channel checks (upward and downward)
• 100% stations (normally three 100%).
– Placed between the packer and the top
perforation or top of the open hole interval.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Velocity Profile - Velocity Shots
• Channel checks - special velocity shots.
• Ejected into flow.
• Detector may be moved to locate or follow
a channel.
• Downward channel check prior to No Flow.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Velocity Profile - Velocity Shots
• Calculations of the percent loss are
performed using transit time between the
ejector tool and the gamma detector.
– Calculations convert linear velocities into
volumetric flow rates in conjunction with
caliper data (well bore diameters).
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Velocity Shot Example
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Velocity Shot Example
Channel
Check (No
Channel
Indicated)
Calculations and Interpretations:
Tubing Drop Shots
• In tubing above packer.
• Tool positioned ahead of slug 4 - 6 times.
• Velocity in tubing converted to volumetric
flow rate.
• Used to verify injection rate.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Shut In Temperatures
• The number of runs and timing depends on
well conditions.
• Well and lubricator MUST be fully sealed.
• Indicates long term storage of injected fluid
volumes.
• Indicates external channels
• Radius of investigation - deep formation.
• Cross flow to verify fluid movement.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
•Temperature Logs can not distinguish between
events occurring inside, or outside the wellbore
•Injection Temperatures show the bottoms of
fluid losses and major velocity changes
•Shut-in Temperatures indicate the tops of events
and give a relative magnitude of fluid storage
•Injecting and Shut-in logs merging indicate the
absolute bottom of fluid movement
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Calculations and Interpretations:
Crossflow Checks
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Multiple slugs across interval.
Recorded vs. depth.
Runs approx. 5 min.
Crossflow quantified by slug peak
movement vs. time.
• Top slug should not move.
• Good for very slow rate wells.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Crossflow Check
Injection Profiles - CO2
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CO2 Properties
Unique Problems
Special Procedures
Logging Water vs. CO2
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - CO2
CO2 Properties
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High energy gas
Acidic in water
Phase ???
Heat capacity
Density
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - CO2
Unique Problems
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Corrosive
Seals and o-rings (lubricator and tools)
Pressure (higher, expansion if released)
Well head configuration (bleed, kill well?)
Noise (electrical)
Special tracer base material - personnel
Well head - multiple lines (WAG)
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profiles - CO2
Special Procedures
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Safety - pressure control
Personnel protection - radiation
O-rings and seals - materials and maint.
Time and speed (Slow Down!)
Temperatures (Cold!)
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY
lnjection
Profile
School
If you don’t know where its going, it’s a disposal, not a flood.
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY
Eliminate the
Guesswork!
Injection Profile School - Cardinal Surveys Company
End