Transcript Document

Polymer & Plastic waste
and Recycling
Dr. Manohar Singh Saini
Director,
Guru Nanak Dev Engg. College, Ludhiana
January 3, 2012
A Global Look at Plastics: Quantities, Uses
and Benefits
Plastic products improve our daily lives
and have made vast improvements in
areas such as:

Transportation - Automotive, Aerospace, Space Exploration

Medicines - helping us all live longer, healthier lives

Electronics - information, communication, and entertainment

Building and Construction - durability, aesthetics, and high
performance

Personal protection - children, athletes, police and firefighters

Innovative packaging - freshness, storage stability, and

protection from bacteria
Recyclability and reuse (SPI created the international
recycling symbols/numbers to facilitate recycling)
Benefits of Plastics
Case Study: Transportation
 During the oil crisis in the 70’s, automakers found
that plastics made cars more energy efficient by
reducing weight.
 Plastics began finding their way into automobile
components (bumpers, fenders, doors, etc.)
 Plastics were also used for their
Durability
Corrosion Resistance
Toughness
Resiliency
Lightweight
Benefits of Plastics
Transportation cont…
 Plastics reduced the weight of the
average passenger car built in 1988 by
66 Kgs.
 That saves millions of gallons of fuel
each year and will save the energy
equivalent of 21 million barrels (2428
million litres) of oil over the average
lifetime of those cars.
U.S. Plastic Resins Growth –
2004
 Production grew in 2004 to 52 billion
Kgs.
 An increase of 8.1 percent over 2003.
 Sales and captive use rose 6.9 percent,
the highest growth rate since 1996,
reaching 52 billion Kgs.
(Source: American Plastics Council)
Plastics is a complex industry
 Processors – (four main processing methods)
Injection Molding
Extrusion
Blow Molding
Thermoforming
 Equipment Suppliers
 Raw Material Suppliers
Range of Products






Plastics Bags
Plastic Packaging Film
and Sheet
Non-packaging Film and
Sheet
Plastics Profile Shapes
Plastics Pipe & Pipe
Fittings
Laminated Plate, Sheet
and Shape






Polystyrene Foam
Products
Urethane and Other
Foam Products
Plastic Bottles
Plastic Plumbing
Fixtures
Resilient Floor Covering
Plastics Products, Not
Classified Elsewhere
Uses of Plastics - Statistics
Today’s Reality
 Plastic
products have become an
integral part of all our lives, and play an
irreplaceable role in our day-to-day
activities.
Comparison with Other Industries
United States
Plastics industry is the nation’s 4th largest
manufacturing industry (shipments):
1. Motor Vehicles and Equipment
2. Petroleum Refining
3. Electronic Components and Accessories
4. Plastics
Scope of the Plastics Industry
United States
 The U.S. plastics industry employed
more than 1.4 million people.
 Another
772,000
persons
were
employed by upstream industries that
supplied the plastics industry.
 Total of 2.2 million workers – about 2
percent of the U.S. workforce.
Scope of the Plastics Industry
United States
 Nearly
25,000
plastics
industry
establishments
generated
approximately $310 billion in shipments.
 Another $83 billion was generated by
upstream, supplying industries.
 Total annual shipments from plastics
activity to $393 billion
Plastics – Global Importance
Import and Export
 Plastic resins and plastic finished products are
imported and exported at a significant
across the world, via the oceans and by
means.
 Canada, Mexico, other Latin America and
account for dominant percentages of
plastics industry exports and imports.
level
other
China
U.S.
Growth of Plastics
(per capita consumption 2001-2010)
2001
2010
 North America
101 Kgs
148 Kgs
 Latin America
20 Kgs
30 Kgs
 Western Europe
94 Kgs
136 Kgs
 Eastern Europe
12 Kgs
24 Kgs
 Africa/Middle East 8 Kgs
10 Kgs
 Japan
88 Kgs
116 Kgs
 Southeast Asia
13 Kgs
24 Kgs
**Less than 2% of a barrel of crude oil is used in
the production of plastics.
(Source: BASF AG)
Energy Resources & Plastics
Basic Questions
(A)Why are rubbish dumps thought
be a bad thing?
(B)What does recycling mean?
to
EFFECT OF PLASTICS
ON
ENVIRONMENT!!!
INTRODUCTION
Plastic is the general common term for a wide range
of synthetic or semi synthetic organic solid materials
suitable for the manufacture of industrial products.
Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular
weight, and may contain other substances to improve
performance and/or reduce costs.
Plastic is one of the few new chemical materials
which pose environmental problem. Polyethylene,
polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, PET are largely used in
the manufacture of plastics.
TYPES OF
PLASTIC PRODUCTS
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
PLASTIC
BAGS
COATINGS
FURNITURE
SHEETS
FITTINGS
TANKS
TOYS
BUCKETS
SANITARYWARE
STATIONERY
PLASTIC’S ADVERSE EFFECTS ON OUR
ENVIRONMENT
Plastics pollute beaches & oceans
Garbage has been discarded into the oceans for as long as humans
have sailed the seven seas or lived on seashores or near
waterways flowing into the sea. Since the 1940s, plastic use has
increased dramatically, resulting in a huge quantity of nearly
indestructible, lightweight material floating in the oceans and
eventually deposited on
beaches worldwide.
Plastic bags litter the
landscape
Once they are used, most plastic bags go into
landfill, or rubbish tips. Each year more and more
plastic bags are ending up littering the
environment. Once they become litter, plastic
bags find their way into our waterways, parks,
beaches, and streets. And, if they are burnt,
they infuse the air with toxic fumes.
Plastic bags kill animals
About 100,000 animals such as dolphins, turtles
whales, penguins are killed every year due to plastic
bags. Many animals ingest plastic bags, mistaking
them for food, and therefore die. And worse, the
ingested plastic bag remains intact even after the
death and decomposition of the animal. Thus, it lies
around in the landscape where another victim may
ingest it.
Plastic bags are
non-biodegradable
And one of the worst environmental effects of
plastic bags is that they are nonbiodegradable. The decomposition of plastic
bags takes about 1000 years.
PLASTIC’S EFFECT ON HUMAN
LIFE
 Plastic plays the villain right from the stage of its
production. The major chemicals that go into the
making of plastic are highly toxic and pose serious
threat to living beings of all species on earth.
 Some of the constituents of plastic such as
benzene are known to cause cancer. Plastic resins
themselves are flammable and have contributed
considerably to several accidents worldwide.
Once plastic is produced, the harm is done once
and for all. Plastic defies any kind of attempt at
disposal – be it through recycling, burning, or
landfilling.
When you recycle a hazard, you create a hazard.
Recycling of plastic is associated with skin and
respiratory problems, resulting from exposure to
and inhalation of toxic fumes, especially
hydrocarbons and residues released during the
process.
MEASURES
1.Single-use plastic bags have become such a
ubiquitous way of life that it seems as if we
simply cannot do without them. However, if we
have the will, we can start reducing their use in
small ways.
2.A tote bag can make a good substitute for
holding the shopping. You can keep the bag
with the cashier, and then put your purchases
into it instead of the usual plastic bag.
MEASURES
3.Recycling the plastic bags you already have is
another good idea. These can come into use for
various purposes, like holding your garbage,
instead of purchasing new ones.
4. While governments may be working out ways to
lessen the impact of plastic bags on the
environment, however, each of us should
shoulder some of the responsibility for this
problem, which ultimately harms us.
Percentage that can be
recycled
 About 7% of all household waste is
plastic.
 Annually, 3 million tonnes of plastic
rubbish are produced.
 57% of litter found on beaches is
plastic.
 In 2001 only 7% of all plastic was
recycled.
Why recycle plastic?
Conservation of non-renewable fossil fuels Plastic production uses 8% of the world's oil
production.
Reduced consumption of energy.
Reduced amounts of solid waste going to
landfill.
Reduced emissions of carbon-dioxide (CO2),
nitrogen-oxide (NO) and sulphur-dioxide (SO2).
How are polymers recycled?
Mechanical recycling of plastics refers to
processes which involve the melting, shredding
or granulation of waste plastics.
Plastics must be sorted prior to mechanical
recycling.
At the moment most sorting for mechanical
recycling is done by trained staff who manually
sort the plastics into polymer type and/or colour.
More
Following sorting, the plastic is either
melted down directly and moulded into a
new shape, or melted down after being
shredded into flakes and than processed
into granules called regranulate.
Source Reduction


Refers to a reduction in the amount of
material used in any application
The simplest methods to employ source
reduction are



To use fewer products that cause waste
To choose size and types of products whereby waste is minimized
To reduce the material requirements of the
product (for manufacturer)
Source Reduction

For example:


The amount of packaging material in 1 litre
drink bottle is 40% less than material in 0.5
litre drink bottle (larger size are more efficient
in using materials)
Decrease the thickness of materials in
application




PE Trash bag (when it was first introduced)thickness 0.08 mm
LDPE introduced – thickness of trash bag is 0.05
mm
LLDPE (stronger and tougher material) – thickness
is 0.025 mm
HDPE – thickness of 0.017 mm is available now.
Recycling of Plastics


Refers
to
the
reprocessing
and
refabrication of a material by a consumer
or disposal of solid waste.
This type of recycle is called postconsumer
recycle (PCR)- different with recycle
(generally called regrind) of the scrap
from manufacturing process.
Recycling of Plastics
Reprocessing and refabrication of PCR
involves several steps;




Collection
Handling/sorting
Reclamation/sorting
End-use fabrication
Recycling of Plastics
Collection
Voluntary recycling by the consumer is the most
single factor in improving recycling of all materials
However, consumers do not sort their solid waste
but rather mix all materials together
For many plastics, the cost of virgin plastics is
about the same as the cost involve in recyclingcreate problem in recycling process (different case
with recycling of aluminium cans)
Handling & Sorting
Involves conveying materials from the pickup point
(from consumer house) to the reclamation facility.
Sorting of materials is necessary (PET bottle, HDPE
waste, aluminium alloy, etc) or in broader material
groupings (all metals, all plastics, etc).
For the highest economy benefit, the HDPE and PET
and other recyclable plastics must be separated from the
plastics that are not to be recycled- thus considerable
labour is required to pick up the recyclables by hand.
Handling & Sorting
Some sorting can be done by machine, i.e. based
on certain characteristics (light absorption), various
plastic resins can be distinguished from the others.
Under certain condition, the mixture of several
plastic type can be recycled, called as mixed recycled
or comingled recycle.
To assist consumers and sorters, Society for plastic
Industry (SPI) introduced recycling symbols.
Numbering system for plastic
recycling
Recycling No.
Abbreviation
Polymer Name
PETE or PET
Polyethylene Terephthalate
HDPE
High-Density Polyethylene
PVC or V
LDPE
Polyvinyl Chloride
Low-Density Polyethylene
PP
Polypropylene
PS
Polystyrene
OTHER
Other plastics, including acrylic,
polycarbonate, polylactic acid ,
nylon and fiberglass.
Uses of Different Polymers
Polymer
Name
Uses
Polyethylene
Terephthalate
Recycled to produce polyester fibres, thermoformed sheet, strapping, soft drink
bottles, reinforcement for concrete.
High-Density
Polyethylene
Recycled to become various bottles, grocery bags, recycling bins, agricultural
pipe, base cups, car stops, playground equipment, and plastic lumber, flower
pot, toys
Polyvinyl
Chloride
Recycled to become pipe, fencing, and non-food bottles.
Low-Density
Polyethylene
Recycled to become plastic bags, various containers, dispensing bottles, wash
bottles, tubing, and various molded laboratory equipment.
Polypropylene
Recycled into auto parts and industrial fibers.
Polystyrene
Recycled into a wide range of products including office accessories, cafeteria
trays, toys, video cassettes and cases, insulation board and styrofoam.
Reclamation/Cleaning
After sorting, the plastics must be chopped into small
flakes or shredded for further processing.
Then the flakes are treated with solvents and washed
to remove residual contaminants (original content &
paper label).
The flakes are then sent to the fabricators to extrude
into pellets.
End Uses- Sorted PCR
The recycled material can be used in the same
applications or other applications.
However, PCR plastic cannot be used in
medical and food-contacting applications due
to danger of contamination and disease.
Thermoplasticcan
be
reheated
and
reprocessed many times (with minor changes in
resin properties).
Degradation
Means that the plastic can break down into smaller
molecules by natural means, biological agent or by
sunlight.
In reality, some materials degrade very slowly.
Some applications require that the material do not
degrade, i.e. packaging material.
Some applications need degradable properties, i.e.
sutures in medical applications.
Waste Tyres
The number of motorcar waste
tyres generated annually was
estimated to be 8.2 million or
approximately 57,391 tonnes.
Landfill- as the easiest way of
disposing the waste.
Other industry users collect waste
tyres for retreading, rubber
reclaim and shredding.
Tyre Waste
Examples of use are: Tiles and tile adhesives, mixing
with asphalt, sports surfaces, carpet underlay, noise and
vibration
insulation,
playgrounds
and
matting.
Incineration


Incineration or controlled burning is another option for
disposing of large percent of solid waste.
The most common purpose of burning is to
generate electricity.
Energy content of various solid waste materials and conventional
fuels burned to generate electricity.
Incineration Method
Incineration can destroy some types of chemicals that other methods can't.
It is also quicker than many other methods.
Obstacles of Recycling


Usage of various copolymer blends (i.e. PET) from
different manufacturers do not dissolve into one another
when heated. Instead, they tend to phase-separate,
like oil and water.
Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of
dyes, fillers, and other additives in plastics. The polymer
is generally too viscous to economically remove fillers,
and would be damaged by many of the processes that
could cheaply remove the added dyes. Additives are less
widely used in beverage containers and plastic bags,
allowing them to be recycled more frequently.
Rubber and tyres

Good
maintenance
reduces
waste:
To reduce waste and save money, good advice is to treat your tyres
properly for maximum tyre life. Simple maintenance and correct inflation
pressures mean you don't need to replace them prematurely. A worn
tyre is not only dangerous, but uses more fuel. When the time comes to
change your tyres, considering the environmental aspects of their
replacements may save money. Why not consider a retreaded tyre?

Re-treads : Re-treading doubles the life of a tyre, reducing the
numbers of new tyres needed and minimising waste. The UK has a
well-established re-tread industry (there can be shortages of those used
tyres suitable for re-treading) and many old tyres are exported.
New uses


As tyres cannot go to landfill, and incineration is
undesirable, what else can be done? Alternative ideas for
re-using scrap tyres are increasing, but the number of
outlets remains less than that which would meet potential
demand.
Small numbers are used as boat fenders,
playground equipment and by farmers.
Material recovery from tyres and other rubber products is increasing. The main
technique is to shred and reduce the rubber to crumb, and use this as a moulding
material or filler. Applications include brake linings, carpet underlay, equestrian, sports
and safety surfaces, including playgrounds, as well as surfacing for, paths, and low
grade use as landscape mulch or waste oil absorbent. Finer grades of crumb are
used in rubbers for vehicles. Small amounts are also being used for stationery and
office items
What is the effect of recycling plastics?
Recycling plastic uses less water and energy resources
than in producing new plastics, and produces fewer
greenhouse gases.
One problem with
recycling, however,
is that is reduces
the strength and
versatility of the
plastic over time.
This is because the polymer chains become damaged or
contaminated with food or other types of plastic.
What are biodegradable plastics?
One of the problems with traditional plastics is that they do
not break down when thrown away.
Biodegradable plastics are
plastics that can be broken
down. They are converted into
carbon dioxide, water and
minerals by micro-organisms.
Biodegradable plastics are
increasingly being used in
carrier bags, bin bags and food
packaging.
Biodegradable plastics, such as polylactide, are plantbased polymers. They are often made from starch that
has been modified to become more stable.
Strategies to Develop Biodegradable Polymers
• Green Technol. in Extracting Natural Polymers
• Natural Polymers Like Extrudable Starch
• Natural Polymers With Chemical Modifications
eg. Cellulose acetate
• Semi-Synthetic Copolymers
Fillers (first generation, 1960’s), Composites
& Grafts (second generation, 1970’s)
• Improving Currently Used Plastics
Better Additives; Chemically-linked Additives
(third generation, 1980’s, 1990’s)
• New Generation of Synthetic Polymers
eg. Poly(lactic acids), PHA’s, various new
copolymers, new Natural Polymer Based,
(fourth generation, 1990’s, 2000+)
Commodity Plastic: Current Scenario in
India




Share of commodity plastics (> 80 % of over 5 million tons)
mainly used in the making of low-value household articles,
pipes, extruded sheets, packaging film, etc.
Polymer consumption is growing faster than any other
material. Growth is 14% p.a. (double of GDP).
Development of plastic production technologies based
on
renewable,
sustainable,
agricultural
wastes
(sugarcane bagasse, wheat/rice straw, etc.
Government of India sponsored research projects
on
environment
–
friendly
plastics
from
renewable
resources (PLA, cellulose acetate from sugarcane bagasse,
sugarcane juice, etc.) on-going briskly.
Current Scenario of Plastic Waste




India has a high rate of plastics recycling:
+60%
(World average is 15-20%).
Recycling is a thriving business in India.
India has per capita consumption of ~5 kg
(2005)
(greater for urban areas; set to grow rapidly;
world average 18 kg).
Plastic in solid waste stream is lowest at 0.54% because of recycling (World average is 78%).
Synthetic Plastics: Environmental Issues
The area of greatest concern is plastics used in packaging :



In total production of plastics packaging accounts for ~52% in
India (total consumption 4.3 mt in 2002, +5.0 mt in 2005, 8.0 mt
in 2007).
Growth of plastics consumption is 14% per annum.
Urban folks spend about 88% more than their country cousins on
food, education, entertainment, fuel and lighting, clothing and
durables, according to latest estimates of the National Sample
Survey Organisation (NSSO)
(Economic Times, Nov.24,
2005).
Therefore in larger cities, the consumption of plastics is
larger; expected to continue to grow at 14%; should reach
world
average
in
a
few
years.
Therefore in larger cities, the consumption of pl larger; nm to gmroat 14%. Should reach world
Applications of Waste
Plastics
From
Milk pouches
Packaging film, carry bags
Footwear, plastic bottles
Buckets, crates, luggage
PP film, thermoware, tooth
brush, pens
Cement bags
Battery boxes, industrial
products, thermoware
Cups, TV cabinets,
cassettes
To
Carry bags
Waterproof sheets for
housing
Footwear
Buckets, luggage
Combs, pens, toys,
houseware,
Thin ropes
Luggage, industrial products
Cassettes, cassette covers,
novelty items
CURRENT STATUS IN INDIA: Value
and Employment (upto 2010-11)









Major Raw Material
Producers
Processing Units
Turnover (Processing
Industry)
Capital Asset (Polymer
Industry)
Raw Material Produced
approx
Raw Material Consumed
approx
Employed Direct/Indirect
Export Value approx
Revenue to Government
approx.
15 Nos.
25,000 Nos.
Rs.85,000 Crores
Rs.55,000 Crores
5.3 MMT
5.1 MMT
3.3 Million
US $ 1.9 Billion
Rupees 7300 Crores
Contd…
By 2011 - 12

Demand Potential

12.5 MMT

Additional Employment

4.0 Million

Investment Potential

Rs.84,000 Crores
VISION 2015 – Indian Plastics
Industry





Consumption of Polymers @
15% CARG
18.9 Million tonnes
Turnover of plastics Industries
Rs.1,33,245 crores
Additional Employment
Generation
7 Million
Requirement of Additional
Plastics Processing Machines
68113 Nos
Additional Capital Investment
In Machines (2004-2015)
Rs.45,000 crores
Salient features of ISRO Launch Vehicles
Vehicle
Gross Liftoff Weight
(tonnes)
Max. Ddia
(m)
Height (m)
Number of
stages
Payload wt.
(kg)
Orbit
SLV-3
17
ASLV
39
PSLV
275
GSLV
400
1.0
1.0
2.8
2.8
22.0
4
23.5
5
44.0
4
51.0
3
40
100 to 200
1000
2000 to 2500
Geo-Transfer
Orbit (GTO)
Mission
Space Science
SunSynchronous
Orbit
(SSO)
Remote
Sensing
Low Earth Orbit
(LEO)
Communications and
Meteo-rology
PSLV STAGES AT A GLANCE
Nomenclature
Propellant
Propellant Mass
(tonne)
Stage Mass
(tonne)
Max. Thrust (kN)
Burn Time (sec)
Stage Dia (m)
Stage Length (m)
Control
STAGE – 1
Core PSI +
Strapon PSOM 6
Nos
Solid Propellant
HTPB Based
STAGE – 2
PS2
STAGE – 3
PS3
STAGE – 4
PS4
Total
---
UDMH + N2O4
Solid Propellant
HTPB
---
128.0 + 6 X 9.0
= 182
220
37.5
7.2
Bi-propellant
MMH + N2O4
Based
2.0
43
8.4
2.89
274.29
4500
662X6
97
45
2.8
1.0
20
10
SITVC for Pitch
& Yaw, Reaction
Control Thrusters
for Roll. SITVC
in 2 PSOMs for
RollControl
Augmentation
720
340
7.4X2
---
149
76
415
---
2.8
2.0
1.3
---
12.5
3.6
2.1
---
Engine Gimbal
for Pitch &
Yaw, Hot Gas
Reaction
Control Motor
for Roll Control
Flex Nozzle for
Pitch & Yaw,
PS4 RCS for
Roll Control
Engine Gimbal
for Pitch, Yaw
and roll On-off
RCS for coast
phase control
---
Note: Propellant Mass = 83.4 % of total Mass.
228.7