Transcript Document

e-Print Repositories for research
visibility : a journey from there to here
Pauline Simpson
Southampton Oceanography Centre
University of Southampton
England
Scholarly Communication and OAI
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(Chalmers Annual Library Seminars)
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24 Sep 2003
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University of Southampton
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Research led multidisciplnary
university:
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20,000 students
5000 staff (1500 researchers)
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Restructured Aug 2003: from 5
faculties, 65 departments
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3 Faculties
– Law, Arts and Social Sciences
– Medicine, Health and Life
Sciences
– Engineering, Science and Math
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20 Schools
Education
Humanities
Law
Management
Social Sciences
Winchester School of Art
Biological Sciences
Health Care Innovation
Health Professions & Rehab
Medicine
Nursing & Midwifery
Chemistry
Civil Engineering & Environmental Engng
Electronics and Computer Sciences
Engineering Sciences
Geography
Institute Sound & Vibration
Mathematics
Ocean and Earth Sciences (SOC)
Physics and Astronomy
Southampton
Oceanography Centre
SOC is one of the world’s leading
centres for research and education in
marine and earth sciences, for the
development of marine technology
and for the provision of large scale
infrastructure and support for the
marine research community.
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Road map
• Guide us through:
– Scholarly Communication
– Open Archives Initiative
– e-Print Archives
• Subject and institutional
– TARDis – Targeting Academic Research for
Deposit and Disclosure
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Information space : building
a global ‘collaboratory’
• The academic world is increasingly global and collaborative
and needs the tools to support this
• …..center without walls, in which researchers can perform
their research without regard to geographical location –
interacting with colleagues, accessing instrumentation,
sharing data and computational resource, and accessing
information in digital libraries
Kouzes et al 1996 Collaboratories – doing science on the internet
Computer, 29(8), 40-46
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How to get there
• Developing an infrastructure for data – the
GRID
– Other people will wish to use the same data so we need
tools to preserve and access it
• Developing an infrastructure for documents
through ‘hybrid’ libraries:
– Traditional and digital holdings
– Commercial and open (free and interoperable) access
– Bibliographic and full text
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Primary channel
- Scholarly Communication –
present model
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Bibliometrics – citation analysis, impact factors
Evaluation – RAE, Tenure, Promotion
Research funding proposals
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1774 %
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‘Crisis in Scholarly
Communication’
alternate models
• Open Access Journals • Open Archive Initiatives
•‘Open’ = freely accessible - ‘open access journals’
•‘Open’ = interoperable - Open Archives Initiative
The Case for Institutional Repositories: a SPARC position paper –
prepared by Raym Crow July 2002
Supplemented by:
SPARC Institutional Repository Checklist and Resources Guide
October 2002
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Changing Publishing Paradigm
Authors
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Readers
Information flow through Open Archives model
Authors
Publish
OAI data providers
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Hybrid
roles
Archive/
access
Readers
OAI service providers
Citation analysis
What are Open archives?
• Electronic repository of e-Prints, usually
internet based for free access and dissemination
• Both Institutional and discipline based archives
that allow public access to content and employ
the Open Archive Initiative Metadata Harvesting
Protocol
• nb. e-Print archives non OAI registered but still
‘open’
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e-Prints : variable definitions
• e-Prints
are electronic copies of any research output
(journal article, book section, conference paper, technical
report etc.)
– preprints –
refereed
unpublished papers before they are
– postprints – papers after they have been refereed
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Also narrower and broader definitions:
– Peer-reviewed articles – original definition - Stevan Harnad
– Broad output – research + learning + datasets + multimedia +
internal admin documents etc
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Variable definitions - spelling
and what’s in a name?
• Eprints ; ePrints ; eprints
• E-Prints ; e-prints
• e-Prints (Oxford English Dictionary)
• Archive - wrong connotations?
– repository – depository – service -
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e-Print origins
– ‘ invisible university’ culture
» Exchange draft publications paper – high energy
physics : 50 – 1000 authors – needed electronic
transmission
– Evolving digital environment
» ARPA  Internet 1970’s – Web 1990’s
– Culture + technology fix = the first archive
– Electronic preprints archives - Author selfarchiving systems
ArXiv (Los Alamos now at Cornell) (1991) set up by Paul
Ginsparg for high energy physics community ( now physics (incl
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Math, Computing Science and
nonlinear science).
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Subject based archives
• Early e-Print services were subject based and
hosted by a single institution. Relied on distributed
researchers remotely depositing their papers using
the self archiving protocol
• Despite success of Los Alamos (now arXiv) cautious uptake by other subject communities • Successful examples : Cogprints(1997), Chemistry
Preprints Server, RePEc WoPEc (economics), etc
• Many of the subject based archives started by individual
enthusiasts
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arXiv recent weekly usage
Red - Average number of connections.
Blue - Average number of hosts connecting (divide by 10 for correct
number).
Green - Average number of new hosts. (divide by 10).
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Growing by
30,000 articles
per month
Major e-Print Drivers
– Crisis in scholarly publication
– Growing Call for Open Access
• Budapest Open Access Initiative
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http://www.soros.org/openaccess
Launched 14 Feb 2002 by George Soros’s Open Society Institute
Worldwide coordinated movement dedicated to freeing online
access: OAI based self archiving and alternative journals
Open societies need open access
Scholars should be able to deposit their refereed journal articles
in open electronic archives which conform to OAI standards
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Support…
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Stevan Harnad, Univ Southampton ;
leading advocate self archiving and now institutional model
Cogprints – September98 email list
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International Scholarly Communications Alliance
– Worldwide organisations collaborate with scholars and
publishers to establish equitable access to scholarly and
research publications
• Funding …
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Mellon Foundation $1.5m for seven USA OAI projects
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Budapest Open Access Initiative - Soros Foundation Open
Information Society - $1m /3yrs
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NSF funding grants for OAI projects (NSDL) $7M
 Focus—interoperability infrastructure (OAI)
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Origins of the Open Archive Initiative
• Oct 1999 – 1st meeting Santa Fe Convention
• Universal Preprint Service – prototype – renamed
Open Archive Initiative
• Dienst Protocol
Metadata Harvesting Protocol
• Early 2000 –the Cambridge Meetings
• Aug 2000 - Support from Digital Library
Federation, Coalition for Networked Information
and NSF
• Steering Committee Formed
• Late 2000 Mission statement
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The OAI defines two participants
• Data Providers adopt the OAI technical framework as a
means of exposing metadata about their content (held in
repositories)
– OAI conformant
– OAI registered
– OAI namespace-registered
• Service Providers harvest metadata from Data Providers
using the OAI protocol and use the metadata as the basis for
value added services
• Conceptually different but in reality Data Providers can offer
both a service directly to users and also metadata for
automated harvesters data providers need to offer value
added services as well
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Open Archives Initiative Protocol for
Metadata Harvesting :
OAI-PMH
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Based on
HTTP Carrier protocol
Responses are encoded in XML
The Open Archives Metadata Set = Dublin Core
Metadata Element Set (unqualified)
– Data providers must supply Dublin Core data via OAI,
so that all harvesters can use their data.
Question whether harvesting simple DC = loss of rich metadata
from the original record.
but
• Now have a significant solution for open (interoperable)
archives
• Laid down rules which make search services for many
distributed archives possible
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Open
Repositories
Data Providers
Institutional
Servers
Author
Disciplinary
Servers
Journals
(e.g., PLoS model)
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Interoperability Standards
OAI Archive Model
Value-added
Services
Service Providers
Integrated
scholarly
communities
Reader
Search tools
Workflow
Applications
OAI-PMH
Supporting software
• Many enabling technologies, standards, and protocols to
support institutional repositories already exist e.g. the OAIPMH protocol to enable interoperability
• The World Wide Web is taken for granted as part of the
infrastructure
• archiving software
• Initially one software freely available to implementers:
• Eprints.org
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eprints.org
GNU EPrints
• Software from IAM group University of Southampton is
free
• Pioneered by Prof. Stevan Harnad
to further the cause of self-archiving
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EPrints 2 (GNU Eprints) developed
by Chris Gutteridge
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Other e-Prints software
emerging
• DSpace -Joint project of MIT Libraries and Hewlett Packard
Company (Nov 2002) http://www.dspace.org
• CDSWare – CERN Document Server software
http://cdsware.cern.ch
• ARNO – Academic Research in the Netherlands
Online, Tilburg, Amsterdam, Twente http://www.uba.uva.nl/arno
• bPress – Univ California (eScholarship)
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http://www,cdlib.org
Other own software (arXiv, Max Planck etc)
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CogPrints
(GNU EPrints)
1600 Records
www.orgprints
.org
(GNU EPrints)
264 Records
arXiv
(custom software)
230,000 Records
D-Space @ MIT
(D-Space Software)
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769 Records
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Harvester #1
(Psychology Service)
500 Cogprints
169 D-Space
Harvester #3
(General Service)
230,000 arXiv
769 D-Space
264 OrgPrints
1600 CogPrints
150,162 “Improved” records
from physics aggregator
Harvester #2
(Physics Aggregator)
150,000 arXiv
162 D-Space
Institutional
repositories
Service Providers (some)
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Arc
Callima
citeBaseSearc
CYCLADES
DP9
iCite
My.OAI
NCSTRL
OAIster
Perseus
Scirus
TORII
Search engine
Search engine
Search engine with citation ranking
Search engine
Search engine – deep web
Citation indexing system for physics
Search engine
Unified access computer sciences
Search engine
Search engine in humanities
Search engine – Elsevier
Unified access physics-computer
»
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Ack: David Prosser
Service provider - find the pearls
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Entering another phase :
Institutional repositories
• In 2000 - Complementary model to the subject archives
e-Print archives based on research output from one
institution.
• Reawakening to value of greater access to an institution’s
research
• Essential increase in visibility of our intellectual output
• A preservation role (like our traditional archivists)
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Institutional repositories - early
adopters
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Australian National
University
Aalborg University
Humbodlt-Universitat
Lund Universitet
National University of
Ireland
University of Glasgow
California Digital Library
MIT
University of
Southampton
Univerity of Cambridge
University of Tilberg
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Universite de Montreal
LMU Munchen
Utrecht University
CERN
University of Bath
University of Nottingham
Caltech
Academy of Sciences
Belarus
Hong Kong University
Netherlands (DARE)
Ack David Prosser
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Benefits of an Institutional
Repository
•Provides Institutional information asset management
•Defines Institutional sources of research
•Identifies Institutions value to funding sources
•Raises the profile of the Institution
• Institutional research more visible, more impact and available in
electronic form – cited more (Lawrence: Nature)
•Contributes to national and global initiatives which will ensure an
international audience for Institution’s latest research.
• (Other universities are developing their own archives which,
together, will be searchable by global search tools)
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Information community – taking a
lead role – (1)
• Professional skills and expertise map to e-Print support and
maintenance profile:
– Positioned in the scholarly communication process
• Recorders of institutional scientific output
• Publishers on behalf of institution
– Collection and dissemination of scholarly resources
– Deliverers of seamless systems, e-resources etc
– Resource discovery mechanisms in digital environment
(eg Z39.50)
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Information community – taking a
lead role – (2)
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Database expertise
Records management
Work with metadata and preservation
Apply standards uniformly
IPR issues
Central service provider
Interact at all levels of the institution
Network culture
End user of free research corpus
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UK Programme
• 2002 UK Higher Education Funding Council
– JISC FAIR Programme (Focus on Access to Institutional
Resources)
• Inspired by the vision of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI)
that digital resources can be shared between organisations
based on a simple mechanism allowing metadata about these
resources to be harvested into services
• To support the disclosure of institutional assets:
To support access to and sharing of institutional content
within Higher Education and Further Education and to allow
intelligence to be gathered about the technical, organisational
and cultural challenges of these processes…
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FAIR Programme
• £3 million on 14 projects starting August 2002
– Museums and Images; e-Prints; e-theses; IPR; Institutional portals
• TARDis: Targeting Academic Resources for Deposit and
dISclosure
• SHERPA: broader - Consortium of Research Libraries – filling
archives and joint infrastructure
• HaIRST: A testbed for Scotland
• ePrints-UK :harvesting UK e-Print archives also investigating
automated subject indexing using Dewey classification (with
OCLC software in USA)
• eFAIR Cluster – exchange of experiences and work- includes
e-Theses projects overlap in work areas
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Univ of Southampton e-Print Archive
• Project funding 30 months Aug 2002-2005:
Targeting Academic Research for Deposit and
dISclosure (TARDis)
– Project Manager, Research Assistants x 2, Admin
Officer
• Implement a university e-Print archive – sustainable
product – e-Prints Soton
• Evaluate self and mediated archiving measured
against discipline culture
• Document the technical, organisational and cultural
issues of archiving
• Feedback into the eprint software design
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TARDis Work Plan
• Early institutional e-Print archives have had problems with
acquisition of content possibly because of self archiving
protocol and discipline culture
– Investigate the barriers
• Technical – hardware and software
• Discipline culture
• Depositors concerns
– Implementation
• Policy considerations
• Advocacy
• Sustainability
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Barriers – hardware and skills set
Hardware and software requirements –
GNU Eprints
– Apache WWW server
– Unix / RedHat Linux
• Any computer capable of running GNU/Linux or similar
operating system
– Perl programming language and modules
– MySQL – public domain software
• Different skill sets needed for other software
• eg. DSpace - requires Java skills
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Software Configuration
(GNU EPrints v2.3)
Everything should be made as simple as possible
But not simpler. Albert Einstein
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GNU Eprints - originally intended for self archiving – re- engineer
for institutional repository
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Simplify the deposit process
– Reflect the look and feel of host web interface
– Additional metadata fields for institutional structure:
• Faculties, Schools, Departments, Research Groups
• Language
• ISBN/ISSN?
• Coporate author
• On screen help
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Information management standards
– Citation formats
– Metadata fields to describe all document types – presented - logical
order
– Global subject classification – or thesaurus
– Deposit types & Document formats
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GNU EPrints requested
software development
• Batch import
• Export to personal bibliographic software –
EndNote
• Authentication
• Non Techie configuration
• Automated subject classification
• Automated metadata quality control
• Automated metadata from full text
• Full text searching
• OpenURL compliant
• etc
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Document Formats – multidisciplinary
needs
• Defaults : HTML, pdf, Postscript, ASCII
• May want to subtract
– HTML
• Unless carefully checked HTML output from Word
unsatisfactory
• Add :
– Special document preparation formats: LaTex or
common formats such as RTF
• Accept all formats – all research output, including
imagery, Powerpoint, streaming videos etc
• Open source utility programs available to convert from
non supported to supported formats
• Must ensure we have the viewers for users to download
– eg postscript viewer
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Subject Classification / Thesaurus
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Early survey showed that all archives used either LoC or cut down
version, or their own categories or published thesaurus JEL
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GNU EPrints Version 2 – installed Library of Congress as Default
subject classification
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Established global scheme often used in University Libraries
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Top Level Headings
• Subheadings to third level
• Sufficient granularity?
• Not a deposit friendly tool
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Possible to load additional classification or Subject based thesaurus?
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None at all – rely on title, keywords abstract or faculty structure as
retrieval? But how can broad subject areas be harvested from a
multidisciplinary archive without classification?
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Barrier – University culture
Survey
– No central database record of University
research output is maintained.
• Retrospective central research publications listings
collated from individual departments and made
available on the web (University Research Report)
• In interviews - researchers want from an archive
– To enter a record only once and use for multiple purposes
– Export from e-Print repository for multiple purposes –
listings, web pages, University Research Report! etc
– Import of existing School databases and listings
– Definitive bibliographic records not just full text
– Own branding
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E-Publishing on the University Web
Department
T otal number
of publications
Full text
Percentage
of full text
Faculty of Law, Arts and Social Sciences
•Survey: researchers
attitude to e-Publishing
on the web.
–Snapshot
–looked at web sites
– personal and
schools
Archaeology
English
Modern Languages
Music
Politics
Economics
2
3
0
5
6
89
1%
1%
0%
2%
4%
25%
Faculty of Medicine, H ealth and Life Sciences
Biology
Medicine
Health Professions
and Rehabilitation
Sciences
Nursing and
Midwifery
796
1603
24
247
0
3%
15%
0%
0
0%
332
439
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics
Chemistry
Electronics and
Computer Science
Maths Education
Mathematical
Studies
Ocean Circulation
and Climate
Group, SOES
James Rennell
Division, SOC
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252
243
160
280
138
357
1128
7008
111
866*
10%
12%
170
849
34
310
20%
37%
286
9
3%
792
68
9%
* - personal web sites not counted
Addressing authors concerns
• Work load – (central bureacracy, new systems to learn (change
overload), file format conversion)
– Assisted submission – the library will do it! (medium term)
• Quality control – loss of peer review.
• Authors continue to submit articles to high impact traditional
journals and also contribute to e-print archives
• Undermining the status quo
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Some editors paid by publishers
Reputations made within the present system
Dislike of anti-publisher stance
Self archive complements status quo
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Addressing authors concerns
• Visibility – compared with web pages
– Standard search engines do pick up metadata from
archive but search must be specific eg Hall agent
technology will be found but finding a paper from a
subject search presents thousands of results (not
efficient yet) - DP9 OAI Gateway Service for Web
Crawlers to mine the deep web
• Ingelfinger rule - prior publication
– Publishers gradually changing
• Authentication – probity (Life Sciences)
– JISC project using TARDis as testbed
• Preservation
– Implicit, Secure storage, migration
• Copyright!
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IPR particularly Copyright
• Traditionally authors sign over copyright, whether they own it
or not!
• Univ Southampton does not claim copyright on authored works
other than course material.
• We need to encourage/assist authors:
– Place articles with open access publishers
– Negotiate agreement with publisher to retain e-Print right
– Deposit postprint (pre journal version in archive (HarnadOppenheim strategy)
– FAIR Project ROMEO Copyright Transfer Agreement List
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/index.
html
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Publisher copyright policies &
self-archiving
Project ROMEO
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Publishers attitudes changing
Nature Publishing Group 19 Sep 2003
To ensure the continued success of our titles, and in
recognition of the changing priorities of our authors, we have
initiated a range of new policies and projects. Since early
2002, NPG no longer requires authors to transfer copyright.
Instead, we ask only for an exclusive licence to publish. In
return, authors are free to reuse their papers in any of their
future printed work and have the right to post a copy of the
published paper on their own websites and in course packs.
Further, we are introducing Advanced Online Publication
(AOP) on all journals hosted by nature.com, allowing authors
to distribute their papers more rapidly than ever before.
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Publishers making themselves
OAI compliant
Institute of Physics: We are pleased to confirm that
we have adopted this standard here at Institute of
Physics Publishing and metadata records for our
article abstracts are now available in Dublin Core.
They can be ‘harvested’ from our server on request.
August 2002
?How many library catalogues are OAI compliant?
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Archive Implementation
- Policy decisions
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Software
Centralised or distributed databases - document type, university
grouping
Collection policy (research output from whom ?)
File formats
Deposit agreements
Authentication of depositers
Metadata quality control - level
Administrative/operational load
Sustainability
Copyright / IPR institutional policy of non transfer or negotiate
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Long term archiving / preservation
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Retain the right to distribute it for free for scholarly scientific purposes in particular, the
right to self archive it publicly online on the www.
Global problem- not just e-Prints – digital assets
UK – Digital Preservation Centre
Stanford USA - LOCKSS – investigating international federated preservation facility
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Implementation - Advocacy
“if you build it they will come.” Costner: Field of dreams
• The biggest challenge is encouraging user participation:
– Contribute content
– Search/use the respository
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Leaflets
e-Print archive - demonstrator
Advocacy web site
Briefing paper to management – buy-in
Literature e.g. SPARC leaflet
Institutional magazines
Presenting at departmental meetings and university
committees
• Special advocacy events
• Carrots! – USB stick, pens etc
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Where are we now?
• E-Prints Soton –new configuration pre trial with ‘friends’
• feedback
– Font, colour, school names, cut and paste, LoC!, Unix systems
browsers etc
• Pilot two Schools
– Ocean and Earth Sciences (60 papers already)
– Social Sciences
• Researchers’ buy in
- biggest challenge
• Demonstrate real value (save them time)
• Build bibliographic database of university
research output not just full text!
• School branding (Lund example but from a
central database)
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TARDis
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e-Prints Soton
Information space - a national vision:
e-Prints + data + e-learning
e-Banks UK
End of the journey?
When data and documents
will be linked and easily
accessible
They will be an integral part
of the academic work space
just as the World Wide Web
is today
But the Web will acquire
meaning and become the
Semantic Web
Open Archive protocols and
metadata standards are a
part of this journey
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Thank You
Implementing e-Prints is an emerging
challenge for the information community
Pauline Simpson
Southampton Oceanography Centre,
University of Southampton, UK
[email protected]
To keep up to date
Peter Suber keeps up to date with all these activities
with the Free Online Scholarship Movement
Read his Open Access News blog
(previously FOS Newsletter)
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/aboutblog.ht
m#namechange
Produced a Timeline to record the real momentum of
archiving!
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