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Main Questions for Neutrino Detector R&D
EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting
4 December 2007
Paul Soler
University of Glasgow
Contents
1. Conclusions from ISS report
2. R&D MIND & TASD
3. R&D Water Cherenkov
4. R&D Liquid Argon
5. R&D Emulsion
6. R&D Near Detectors
7. Hybrid detector concepts
8. Strategy
EUDET Neutrino Group Meeting
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Baseline Detectors (ISS report)
Beam
Far detector
R&D needed
Sub-GeV
Beta and Super Beams
(MEMPHYS, T2K)
Megaton Water Cherenkov
photosensors!
cavern and
infrastructure
1-2 GeV
Beta and Super Beams
(off axis NUMI, high g
Beta Beam , Wide Band
Beam)
no established baseline
Totally Active Scintillator DetectorTASD (NOvA-like)
or
Liquid Argon TPC
or Megaton WC
photosensors and
detectors
long drifts,
long wires, LEMs
Neutrino Factory
(20-50 GeV,
2500-7000km)
~100kton Magnetized Iron
Neutrino Detector–MIND (golden)
+ ~10 kton
non-magnetic Emulsion Cloud
Chamber-ECC (silver)
straightforward
from MINOS
simulation+physics
studies
ibid vs OPERA
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Beyond the Baseline Detectors (ISS report)
Beam
Far detector
R&D needed
Sub-GeV
Beta and Super Beams
(MEMPHYS, T2K)
Liquid Argon TPC
(100kton)
clarify what is the
advantage wrt
Water Cherenkov?
1-2 GeV
Beta and Super Beams
(off axis NUMI, high g
Beta Beam, Wide band
Beam)
no established baseline
Neutrino Factory
(20-50 GeV,
2500-7000km)
platinum detectors!
Magnetised TASD
Magnetised Liquid Argon
Magnetised Emulsion
Cloud Chamber
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engineering study
for magnet!
simulations and
physics evaluation;
photosensors,
long drift, etc…
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Beam Instrumentation, Near detectors
Beam
Sub-GeV
Beta and Super Beams
(MEMPHYS, T2K)
Beam Instrumentation,
Near Detectors
T2K example…. CONCEPT for
precision measurements?
R&D needed
concept simulations
theory
1-2 GeV
NOvA example..
Beta and Super Beam
CONCEPT for
(off axis NUMI, high g Beta precision measurements?
Beam, Wide band Beam)
ibid
Neutrino Factory
(20-50 GeV,
2500-7000km)
need study
-need study
need concept
simulation+study
ibid+Vertex det R&D
beam intensity (BCT)
beam energy +polarization
beam divergence meast
shielding
leptonic detector
hadronic detector
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R&D Programme MIND & TASD
R&D programme to test detector concepts being developed
for neutrino factory: wrong sign muon “Golden” signature
15 m

Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector
(MIND)
Totally Active Scintillating Detector
(TASD)
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R&D Programme MIND & TASD
 Design, cost and engineering solutions
for the magnet system for MIND.
̶
Simple scaling from MINOS?
 Design, cost and engineering solutions
for the magnet system for TASD
̶
Superconducting transmission line
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R&D Programme MIND & TASD


R&D on photon detector technology
Measurements we want to make:
̶
̶
̶
Test different photon detector technologies: Avalanche Photodiodes
(APD), Geiger Mode APDs (GMAPD), Silicon photomutiplier
(SiPMT), Multi Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC), Multi-anode
Photomultiplier Tubes (MaPMT), Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD).
Measure light output, PE yield, quantum efficiency, cross-talk and
effect on resolution in real operating conditions
Put different PD in test beam
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R&D Programme MIND & TASD

R&D on extruded scintillator: attenuation as function of
length, fiber insertion, optimal geometry (ie. square vs
triangular or segmentation and sampling rate)
Important for very
long bars (10-20 m)
Not necessarily at
test beam
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Eg: MINOS
good
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R&D Programme MIND & TASD

RPC vs scintillator
RPC prototype for the
India Neutrino Observatory (INO)
MINOS CALDET
INO: 67%/sqrt(E)+10%
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MIND/TASD Prototype?


Forthcoming prototypes to come online soon:
What can we learn from these?
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MIND/TASD Measurements
 Measurements we want to make:
̶
̶
̶
Muon identification: building particle ID
likelihood functions based on test beam ID
Measure PID eff. vs length of track
Charge identification (as function of B-field
and length of track)
Optimal segmentation: transverse and
longitudinal
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Water Cherenkov detectors

Engineering and cost of cavern excavation for Megaton Water Cherenkov
detectors (covered by LAGUNA proposal)
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Water Cherenkov detectors


R&D on photon detectors (large area Hybrid Photon Detectors-HPD, or
Photo Multiplier tubes):
̶ Reduction cost,
̶ Reduce risk implosion,
̶ Electronics,
̶ Low activity materials.
Engineering studies of
mechanics to support
photon detectors.
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Water Cherenkov detectors

Studies of energy resolution of water Cherenkov detectors, especially at
low energy (ie ~250-200 MeV).
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Liquid Argon R&D



Feasibility & cost of industrial tankers for underground liquid argon storage
(also part of Laguna project).
Demonstration and detector performance for very long drift paths
Liquid argon purification.
5m “Argontube”
Charge readout plane
GAr
Extraction grid
E-field
E ≈ 3 kV/cm
E≈ 1 kV/cm
Electronic
racks
LAr
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Cathode (- HV)
UV & Cerenkov light readout PMTs
Field shaping
electrodes
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Liquid Argon R&D

Readout: Large Electron Multiplyers (LEM)
High gain operation of LEM
in pure argon at high pressure
LEM thickness 1.6mm
GAIN 2.3bar
GAIN 2.9bar
GAIN 2.5bar
GAIN 2.7bar
GAIN 3.21bar
GAIN 3.41bar
GAIN 3.54bar
1200
1000
1000
Two-stage LEM
Etransf = 3 kV/cm
GAIN
Gain
800
600
400
200
0
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
Voltage (V)
GAr
LAr
Edrift = 5 kV/cm
A14
stable gain of 104 has been measured
0
350
0
14
Voltage (V)
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12.5
600
0
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12.9
Liquid Argon R&D



Development of new solutions for
drift in a very high voltage (such as
the Cockcroft-Walton style
Greinacher circuit).
B-field for liquid argon detectors:
study of high Tc superconducting
coils
Dedicated test beams to study
prototype detectors and to perform
tracking and reconstruction of clean
electron and pi0 samples.
e–
2.5 GeV
Simulated electron
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magnetic
field
Soler,
4 December
2007B=1T
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Magnetised Emulsion Cloud Chamber

Emulsion Cloud Chamber
̶
̶
Emulsion test beam
Improve speed & accuracy
automated scanning stations
Further R&D on operating
emulsion-iron systems in
magnetic field
Electronic det:
e/p/m separator
&
“Time stamp”
Rohacell®
plate
stainless steel plate emulsion filmEUDET Neutrino
Group Meeting
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Near Detector R&D
 Silicon vertex detector for charm background:
̶ Pixel versus strip detectors: hybrid strip, ``stripxel", hybrid pixel
detectors, Monolithic Active Pixels (MAPS) or DEPFET pixel detectors.
(Synergy with Linear Collider, ideal project for EUDET)
̶ Study whether layers of passive material (boron carbide, graphite or
other low Z material) are necessary as a neutrino target.
Charm
Charm

Impact parameter
resolution (50 mm pitch)
sx~33 mm
Pull:s~1.02
 Study of charm background for
wrong sign muon signal and
measure effect of Q_t cut
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Near Detector R&D
 Tracking device: determine
optimal tracking detector.

Other Detectors:
̶
̶
Scintillating fibre tracker
̶ Drift chambers
̶ Gas Time Projection Chamber
(TPC)
 Magnet: old UA1,
NOMAD, T2K magnet? Hadronic
̶
̶
Energy resolution for a calorimeter?
Particle identification (ie. TRD or
DIRC Cherenkov detector)
Muon chambers?
EM calorimeter
Muon chambers
Calorimeter
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Near Detector R&D

Accuracy neutrino flux measurement with near detector (goal ~0.1% flux
error): with beam monitors and inverse muon decay interactions in ND
 m  e  m   e
 e  e   m  m 

Accuracy cross-section measurement as function of energy.
̶
̶
Above 5 GeV (DIS): goal 0.1% level.
Below 5 GeV, measure all components
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Hybrid Emulsion Detectors

For 60 walls emulsion  1.1M bricks  4.1 kton
Total length of detector is: ~ 150 m
ECC emulsion analysis:
Electronic detectors:
Target
Trackers
Pb/Em.
target
Spectrometer
Vertex, decay kink e/g ID, multiple
scattering, kinematics
Pb/Em. brick
Link to muon ID,
Candidate event
Basic “cell”
8m

Tau events in MECC found by tracing back candidate events
See G de Lellis, Golden07
into emulsion region
8 cm
Extract selected
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brick
Brick finding, muon ID,
Pb Emulsion 1 mm
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and4pDecember 2007Dp/p<20%
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Hybrid MIND + TASD

Compromise between MIND and TASD concepts?
Iron free regions: improve momentum and charge determination
o
MIND ~1-2m
TASD
MIND
electron shower
muon
hadron shower
o
o
o
o
Do we need magnetic field in TASD region?
Maybe alternating regions of MIND + magnetic free regions of TASD can be
used to measure Golden channel and e flux (ie e disappearance?)
Need to study physics impact of this solution: does one win in performance
without being prohibitive in price?
Could one include LAr regions between MIND spectrometer regions (more
like Icarus rather than Glacier)
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Strategy for Neutrino Detector R&D
Cervera, NUFACT07
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