Transcript Management Fundamentals Concepts, Applications, Skills

Management Fundamentals
Concepts, Applications, Skills Development
Motivating
12 A
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
–Employees
will live up to
or down to
their own
expectations.
12-1
Performance Formula
Ability x motivation x resources
= Performance
12-2
Major Motivation Theories
Classification of Motivation
Specific Motivation Theory
Theories
1. Content of motivation theories
a. Hierarchy of needs theory
b. ERG theory
c. Two-factor theory
d. Acquired needs theory
2. Process motivation theories
a. Equity theory
b. Goal-setting theory
c. Expectancy theory
3. Reinforcement theory
Type of Reinforcement
a. Positive
b. Avoidance
c. Extinction
d. Punishment
12-3
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
SelfActualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
12-4
Acquired Needs Theory
Power
Affiliation
Achievement
12-5
A Comparison of
Four Content Motivation Theories
Hierarchy of Needs
(Maslow)
ERG Theory
(Alderfer)
Two-Factor Theory
(Herzberg)
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
Growth
Growth
Relatedness
Existence
Existence
Motivators
Motivators
Maintenance
Maintenance
Maintenance
Needs must be met
in a hierarchy order.
Unmet needs can be
at any level
simultaneously.
Maintenance factors
will not motivate
employees.
Acquired Needs
Theory (McClelland)
Achievement and
Powe
r
Achievement
and Power
Affiliation
Not classified
Not classified
Motivating needs are
developed through
experience.
12-6
Equity Theory
Our inputs
(contributions)
Our outcomes
(rewards)
=
Others’ input
(contributions)
=
Others’ outcomes
(rewards)
12-7
Expectancy Theory
• Proposes that
employees are
motivated when
they believe they
can accomplish the
task and the
rewards for doing
so are worth the
effort.
12-8
Expectancy Theory
Expectancy X
Valence =
Motivation
12-9
4
Conditions
for
Expectancy Theory
Clear
objectives
Performance
tied to
rewards
Rewards
have
value
Employees
believe
you
12-10
Reinforcement Theory
•Through the
consequences for
behavior,
employees will
be motivated to
behave in
predetermined
ways.
12-11
4
Types of
Reinforcement
Positive
Avoidance
Punishment
Extinction
12-12
Giving Praise
Planning
1. Tell the
employee
exactly what
was done
correctly.
2. Tell the
employee
why the
behavior is
important.
Organizing
Leading
3. Stop for a
moment of
silence.
4. Encourage
repeat
performance
Controlling
12-13
The Motivation Process
with the Motivation Theories
1. Need
(Unmet need or want to be satisfied at work)
Content Motivation Theories
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
ERG Theory
Two-Factor Theory
Acquired Needs Theory
2. Motive
(Selecting behavior to satisfy need)
Process Motivation Theories
Equity Theory
Goal-Setting Theory
Expectancy Theory
12-14
(continued)
3. Behavior
(Employee action to satisfy need)
4. Consequence
(Manager behavior and/or natural outcome of
employee action)
Reinforcement Theory
5. Satisfaction or
Dissatisfaction
(The degree to which the need is met and for
how long before dissatisfaction reoccurs,
creating an unmet need)
12-15