Take out a piece of paper Name the Seven Dwarves

Difficulty of Task

• Was the exercise easy or difficult.

It depends on what factors?

•Whether you like Disney movies •how long ago you watched the movie •how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

Memory & Information Processing

Memory = persistence of learning over time . It is our ability to store and retrieve information.

In order to remember something, we

• • •

must:

Encode Store (keep the info somewhere safe) Retrieve (get info into our brain) (get the info back out later)

Where Do We Store Info?

Long Term Memory Short Term Memory Sensory Memory

Keyboard (Encoding) Disk (Storage) Sequential Process Monitor (Retrieval)

Turn your paper over.

Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.

Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

Seven Dwarves

Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

Types of Encoding: Semantic • You have 30 seconds to memorize a 30 digit number. The number is:

042005500704177607110550661225

• Write the digits down in sequence. Results and Meaning: 4–9 correct is average 10–19 is extraordinary 20–30 is brilliant. How did you do it? Dates, Phone #’s?, Rhote Memorization. Patterns in sequence?

- The number will be remembered by remembering the following story. In the story, the word

can’t

and

not

means ZERO.

In the year

04

, no wait

2005

, we learned that 50 states joined the United States with a declaration signed on

07/04/1776

. I can’t

(0)

go to

7/11

. I can’t

(0)

drive

55

mph. Especially not

(0)

on route

66

, except on

12/25

. (Christmas).

External Events

Sensory Input

Function = info is actively worked on Capacity = 7 +/- 2 Duration = 20 sec; however, can increase it with maintenance rehearsal (conscious repetition of info either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage)

(iconic = visual info)

Sensory Memory

(echoic = auditory info

Automatic, not attention or interpretation Function

=

hold info long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics Capacity = large Duration = very brief; (visual info .025sec / auditory info = 3-4sec)

Attention & Encoding

Short-Term

(WORKING)

Memory

Retrieval

Memory = persistence of learning over time!

Long-Term Memory

Encoding

Function = organizes and stores info; more passive form of storage Capacity = unlimited Duration =permanent????

Three Stage Model of Memory

Modifications to the 3 Stage Model: 1.

Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.

2.

Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory .

Psych Sims! Storage: Sensory Memory

How do we know it exists?

Sperling (1960)

Immediate Recall of All 9 Letters

Only about 44% recall

Cued Recall of Specific Row (

tone

)

Almost 100% recall

Delayed Recall of Specific Row (

tone

)

Only about 33% recall K Z R Q B T S G F Iconic Memory

~ 250 msecs

Echoic Memory

~ 3-4 seconds 50 msec display The exposure time for the stimulus is so small that items cannot be rehearsed. Memory for image fades after 1/3 seconds, making report of entire display hard to do .

Sensory Memory

The longer the delay, the greater the memory loss.

The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.

80 60 40 20 0.15

0.30

0.50

1.00

Time (Seconds) Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long 11

STM

Storage: Short Term Memory

100 80 60 40 20 0 J J J J

Task

Remember

CHJ (no rehearsal)

J J 3 6 9 12 15 18

Time (sec) between presentation and recall

Limited Time

(20 sec, rehearsal)

Limited Capacity

(

7 ± 2)

Working Memory Model of STM

• Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info • Phonological loop - holds verbal (semantic) information • Central executive - coordinates all activities of working memory; brings new information into working memory from sensory and long-term memory Visuospatial Sketch pad Central Executive Phonological Loop

Memory Marathon Video Lab

• Take down Key pts on Encoding Strategies. • How do they do it? • How does it work?

• Why does it work?

How Do Encode Information?

Automatic Processing

Encoding

Effortful Processing Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding of info Space: while reading a text, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page Time: we unintentionally note the events that take place in a day Frequency: you effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you Effortful Processing Requires attention and conscious effort “New friend’s phone number” “Memorizing notes for exam”

Types of Encoding: Shallow vs. Deep Processing • • • Shallow • Processing only superficial characteristics of a piece of information

Visual encoding

: encoding of images – Does a word contain the letter “e”?

– Does a word contain all capital letters?

– Was the word in italics?

Acoustic encoding

: sound-based encoding – Does a word rhyme with

gum

?

Maintenance rehearsal:

simple repetition • • • • Deep

Elaborative rehearsal

: focus on meaning of info to encode info into LTM – don’t simply repeat items over and over – tie item to other info in memory

Semantic encoding

: processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine (Would the word fit in this sentence?)

Imagery:

using mental pictures to aid effortful processing

Organization:

break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories, such as chunking and hierarchies

Silly Sentences

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Who won the daily double? What chugged down the licorice tracks? Who liked to do difficult crossword puzzles? Who sang off key? What blew the papers off the table? Who hardly ever smiled? Who slithered down a steep sliding board?

What was sleeping in the sun? Who strolled along the babbling brook?

Who was flushed with success?

What jumped into the swimming pool?

Who lit a cigarette?

Who got lost in the woods? Who started a gigantic avalanche?

Who wore lavender leotards?

Who liked to jump rope?

Who had a phobia about scissors?

Who sat under a lilac bush? Who ate a wormy apple?

Who wore a scarf and mittens?

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

the crafty surgeon The chocolate choochoo train The captured crook the cheerful choirboy the noisy fan the toothless bathing beauty the silly snake the spotted dog the medieval minstrel the bearded plumber the green frog the marching soldier the novice camper the skiing trumpeter the lanky leprechaun the plump chef the longhaired woman the small child the distressed teacher the sweaty gardener

Memory Feats

18

Types of Encoding

19

What Type Of Processing Is Best? (Written Word) Visual Acoustic Semantic

Deep processing leads to better recall of written word than shallow processing

Types of Encoding: Imagery

Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.

21

Types of Encoding: Imagery

• • Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory.

Peg word method (pg 7)

- requires that you first memorize a jingle (one-bun, two-shoe, three-tree, four-door, -five-hive, six-sticks, seven-heaven, eight-gate, nine-swine, ten hen). Without much effort, you will soon be able to count by peg words with to be remembered items. Now you are ready to challenge anyone to give you a grocery list to remember. Carrots? Imagine them stuck into a bun. http://www.academictips.org/memory/index.

html Peg Words: 1 – Bun 2 – Shoe 3 – Tree 4 – Door 5 – Hive 6 – Sticks 7 – Heaven 8 – Gate 9 – Wine 10 - Hen

Types of Encoding: Imagery

•

Keyword method

- think of a word that sounds like all or part of the word to be remembered. Then you create a scenario involving the associated word and the definition of the word to be remembered. • In learning Spanish words, for example,

pat

o might first be recoded as an acoustically similar keyword,

pot

. Then

po

t is linked to the word’s meaning,

duck

, by means of an interactive mental image involving a duck with a pot on its head. 1 .

Broca’

s area

broken

directs muscles for

speec

h

productio

n Imagine

breakin

g a talking doll. If it gets

broke

n (Broca), it won’t

tal

k (speech) anymore. 2 .

parieta

lobe l

parent

sense of

touc

h Imagine that a

paren

t (parietal) is touching his or her baby’s forehead to feel if the baby has a temperature. 3 .

hypothalam us hypochondr iac hunge

r and

thirs

t Imagine

hypochondriac

s (hypothalamus) thinking they’re

hungr

y

an

d

thirst

y they’re not! 4 .

cerebra

l

corte

x

cerea

l

cour

t

judgment

You and a friend have a dispute over a box of cereal. So, you go to

cerea

l

cour

t (cerebral cortex) and face a judge (judgment). 5 .

amygdala Armageddo n aggressio

n and

fea

r In the Bible,

Armageddo

n (amygdala) is the final battle between good and evil. Battles are full of

aggressio

n and

fear

.

Types of Encoding: Imagery

• Method of Loci: Imagine moving through a familiar series of locations – the campus, your house, etc.

• Associate each place/room with a visual representation of the objects to be remembered

Types of Encoding: Chunking

Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the numbers below.

1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 If you are well versed with American history, chunk the numbers together and see if you can recall them better. 1776 1492 1812 1941.

Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.

HOMES = H uron, O ntario, M ichigan, E rie, S uperior ROY G. BIV = R ed, O range, Y ellow, G reen, B lue, I ndigo, V iolet 25

Types of Encoding: Semantic

• •

Self-Reference Effect – w

e have excellent recall for info we can relate to ourselves. Info deemed relevant to oneself is more likely to be processed deeply and to be accessible.

Substitution technique

- letters are used to replace numbers. For example, a T may be substituted for 1, N for 2, M for 3, etc. The letters may then be used to make up words or sentences. Businesses will sometimes help potential customers remember their phone number by using the letters associated with the numbers on the dial to compose a familiar word. Similarly, words are sometimes substituted for numbers such that the number of letters in each word must equal the number for which it is substituting.

• • •

Enhancing Encoding: Rehearsal

• Can boost memory through repetition • The more time spent learning information, the more you retain

Ebbinghaus Experiment

– Day 1 - memorized lists of nonsense syllables: BAF, HAB, JUV, VEZ, etc… • varied number of repetitions – Day 2 - examined how long it took to relearn the list studied on Day one

Spacing Effect:

We retain information better when our rehearsal is distributed over time. Restudy material for comprehension.

Overlearning:

amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

Famous Jingles

“My bologna has a first name, it's __________” o-s-c-a-r "I'm loving it" McDonalds “Um Um Good" Campbells Soup “Rice-a-Roni, the ____ treat!” 800 588 2300 Empire San Francisco They’re grrreat!” Frosted Flakes “What would you do for a _____ bar?" Klondyke “Let your fingers do the walking.” Yellow Pages “Don’t leave home without it.” American Express Which fast food chain was “Finger Lickin’ Good”? KFC Which cosmetics giant ends its advertisements with “Because you’re worth it.”?

L’Oreal