Transcript Technology Briefing - Foundations of Information Systems

Technology Briefing - Foundations of
Information Systems Infrastructure
Each of the major sections within this
briefing provides optional material that
is stand-alone from the other sections
as well as the entire book
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Technology Briefing Learning Objectives
Foundational Topics in IS Hardware
• Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts.
Foundational Topics in IS Software
• Describe foundational topics related to system software as well as those of various
types of programming languages and application development environments.
Foundational Topics in Networking
• Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.
Foundational Topics in Database Management
• Explain foundational database management concepts.
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Foundational Topics in IS Hardware
Foundational Topics in IS Hardware
Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware
concepts.
Foundational Topics in IS Software
Describe foundational topics related to system software as well as those of various types of
programming languages and application development environments.
Foundational Topics in Networking
Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.
Foundational Topics in Database Management
Explain foundational database management concepts.
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Input Technologies
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Input Technologies: Common
• Well known input technologies
– Pointing Devices
• Mice
• Track pads
• Touchscreens
– Keyboards
– Barcode and RFID scanners
– Fingerprint readers
– Eye-tracking devices for the disabled
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Input Technologies: Batch Data
• Large amounts of routing data often resides in
paper forms, such as insurance claim forms
– To enable automated computer processing, it
needs to be entered into computer systems
– Bulk scanning and upload of these forms is the
standard process for entering them into computer
systems
– Entering a large quantity of data into a computer
system and processing it all at one time is “Batch
Processing”
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Input Technologies: Specialized Scanners
Scanner
Description
Optical mark
recognition
Used to scan questionnaires and test answer forms (“bubble
sheets”) where answer choices are marked by filling in circles
using pencil or pen
Optical character
recognition
Used to read and digitize typewritten, computer-printed, and
even handwritten characters such as patient information in
hospitals, or the address on a piece of postal mail
Bar code reader
Used mostly in grocery stores and other retail businesses to
read bar code data at the checkout counter; also used by
libraries, banks, hospitals, utility companies, and so on
Magnetic ink character
recognition
Used by the banking industry to read data, account numbers,
bank codes, and check numbers on preprinted checks
Biometric scanner
Used to scan human body characteristics of users to enable
everything from access control to payment procurement
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Input Technologies: Audio and Video
• Audio Input
– Microphones for voice input
– Other forms
• Electronic keyboards
• Digital audio recorders
• Video Input
– Webcams
– Digital cameras
– Digital camcorders
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Processing: Transforming Inputs into
Outputs
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How a Computer Works: The Motherboard
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How a Computer Works: Storage
• Primary storage
– The internal storage a computer uses to hold software
and data while operating and processing
• Secondary storage
– Permanent storage, such as a hard drive, used to store
software and data both when the computer is in use
and between uses
• Removable storage media
– Storage that can be removed from the computer,
either for safekeeping to hold and transport data to
other computers
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How a Computer Works: Ports
• Computers can connect to networks and other external
devices through ports; over the years, many different
port types have emerged to meet changing user needs
• Common ports include
–
–
–
–
Analog, digital, and HDMI video ports
Ethernet network ports
Parallel printer ports (now often replaced by USB ports)
Older data ports such as serial, mouse, keyboard, MIDI,
and modem ports (now often replaced by USB ports)
– Newer high speed data ports such as USB, Firewire, and
Thunderbolt
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How a Computer Works: Power Supplies
• Computers typically need 12 volt and 5 or 3.3 volt
power to function correctly, so they have a builtin power supply to provide this
• The power supply in computers has an efficiency
rating, and high efficiency supplies cost more but
waste less power as heat when converting it
• Power supplies are often plugged into surge
protectors to protect computers from external
power spikes
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Output Technologies
• Monitors
– Originally used cathode ray tubes (CRT)
• Bulky and heavy glass tubes, Power intensive
– Newer technologies are thinner, lighter, and use
much less power to operate
• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) lit by fluorescent tubes or
light emitting diodes (LEDs)
• Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
• Electronic paper (e-paper)
• Printers
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Foundational Topics in IS Software
Foundational Topics in IS Hardware
Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts.
Foundational Topics in IS Software
Describe foundational topics related to system software as
well as those of various types of programming languages and
application development environments.
Foundational Topics in Networking
Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.
Foundational Topics in Database Management
Explain foundational database management concepts.
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System Software
• System software tasks
– Booting (or starting) your computer
– Reading programs into memory and managing
memory allocation
– Managing where programs and files are located in
secondary storage
– Maintaining the structure of directories and
subdirectories
– Formatting disks
– Controlling the computer monitor
– Sending documents to the printer
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System Software: Common Operating Systems
Operating System
Description
z/OS
A proprietary operating system for large IBM mainframe systems
Unix
A multiuser, multitasking operating system; commonly used
because of its superior security
Windows
By far the most popular in the world
Mac OS
The first commercial graphical-based operating system, making its
debut in 1984; the operating system of Apple computers
Linux
An open source operating system designed in 1991 by a Finnish
student; Linux powers about one-third of all Web servers
Android
Google’s Linux-based operating system for mobile devices
iOS
Apple’s mobile operating system, previously named iPhone OS;
also used on the iPod Touch and iPad
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Programming Languages
Language
Application
Description
Basic
General Purpose
Easy-to-learn language
C/C++
General Purpose
Complex general purpose languages
COBOL
Business
Transaction processing on mainframes
FORTRAN
Scientific
FORmula TRANslator; designed for
scientific, math, and engineering
Java
World Wide Web
Highly portable language
.NET Framework
World Wide Web
Variety of Microsoft languages
LISP
Artificial Intelligence
Fast AI language
PERL
World Wide Web
Scripting language
Objective-C
App Development
Evolved from C, used to program Apps
for Apple devices
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Development Environments
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Common HTML Tags
Tag
Description
<html>…</html>
Delineates an HTML document
<head>…</head>
Sets off the title and other information that is not
displayed on the Web page itself
<body>…</body>
Sets off the visible portion of the document
<b>…</b>
Creates bold text
<a href=“URL”>…</a>
Creates a hyperlink
<a href=mailto:EMAIL>…</a>
Creates a link creating a new e-mail message
<p>…</p>
Creates a new paragraph
<table>…</table>
Creates a table
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Open Source Software
• The source code is freely available to the
general public for use and/or modification
• People around the world contribute time and
expertise
• The Linux operating system is a good example
of an open source program
• Large projects often have a core group that
verifies updates should be implemented
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Foundational Topics in Networking
Foundational Topics in IS Hardware
Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts.
Foundational Topics in IS Software
Describe foundational topics related to system software as well as those of various types of
programming languages and application development environments.
Foundational Topics in Networking
Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.
Foundational Topics in Database Management
Explain foundational database management concepts.
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Evolution of Computer Networking:
Centralized Computing
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Evolution of Computer Networking:
Distributed Computing
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Evolution of Computer Networking:
Collaborative Computing
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Types of Networks: PBX
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Types of Networks: LAN
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Types of Networks: WAN
• Metropolitan Area
Networks
• Enterprise WANs
• Value-Added Networks
• Global Networks
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Types of Networks: Personal Area Network
(PAN)
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Packet Switching
• Most data networks use packet switching
• Messages are broken up into packets which
are sent individually to the destination
• The receiving computer assembles the packets
back into the message
• This allows packets from different messages to
be intermingled on the network
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Network Standards and Protocols
• Standards are critical to the success of the
Internet, everyone plays by the same rules
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
– The Internet’s standard communication language,
dictates how messages are broken into packets and
later reassembled
• Ethernet
– LAN protocol developed by Xerox in 1976, allows
multiple types of data (including IP datagrams) to flow
over the LAN
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Network Topologies
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Network Technologies: Hardware
Networking Hardware
Description
Switch
A switch is used to connect multiple computers, servers,
or printers to create a network.
Router
A router is an intelligent device used to connect two or
more individual networks. When a router receives a data
packet, it looks at the network address and passes the
packet on to the appropriate network. Routers are
commonly used to connect a LAN to a WAN, such as the
Internet.
Wireless access point
A wireless access point transmits and receives wireless
(Wi-Fi) signals to allow wireless devices to connect to the
network.
Wireless controller
A wireless controller manages multiple access points and
can be used to manage transmission power and channel
allocation throughout a building.
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Network Technologies: Cable Media
• Twisted Pair
• Coaxial
• Fiber Optic
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Network Technologies: Wireless Media
• Infrared Line of Sight
• High-Frequency Radio
• Microwave Transmission
– Terrestrial
– Satellite
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Network Technologies: Satellite Orbits
Name
Distance
from Earth
Characteristics/Common Application
Low Earth Orbit
(LEO)
400–1,000
miles
Mapping mineral deposits; monitoring ice caps,
coastlines, volcanoes, and rain forests; researching
plant changes; monitoring wildlife habitats and
changes; search and rescue; research projects in
astronomy and physics
Medium Earth
Orbit
(MEO)
1,000–
22,300 miles
Primarily used in geographical positioning systems
(such as the Global Positioning System)
Geosynchronous 22,300 miles
Earth
Orbit (GEO)
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Fixed in space in relation to the rotation of the
earth. Because it is fixed in space, transmission is
simplified. Transmission of high-speed data for
television, weather information, remote Internet
connections, etc.
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The Internet: How Did it get Started?
• U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) in late 1960s
– Studied ways to interconnect networks
– Created the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET) linking universities and research centers
• U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) 1986
– development of the National Science Foundation Network
(NSFNET)
– Tied into ARPANET
• Other networks then connected to the growing
Internet
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The Internet: Connecting Networks
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The Internet: Connecting Networks With a
Wide Area Backbone
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The Internet: The Internet Backbone
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Foundational Topics in Database
Management
Foundational Topics in IS Hardware
Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts.
Foundational Topics in IS Software
Describe foundational topics related to system software as well as those of various types of
programming languages and application development environments.
Foundational Topics in Networking
Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.
Foundational Topics in Database Management
Explain foundational database management concepts.
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Relational Database Design: Associations
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Relational Database Design: EntityRelationship Diagramming
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Relational Database Design: The Relational
Model
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Relational Database Design: Normalization
• Normalization
– Each table contains only attributes related to the
entity
• Attributes are fields such as phone number, name,
address
• Information unrelated to the entity might be the phone
number of the professor who taught a course, that
information can be in another table, for faculty, where
it is only listed once
– normalization helps to eliminate data duplication
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Relational Database Design: Normalization:
Un-Normalized Table
Student
Student
Phone
Course
Term Grade
Instructor Instructor
Phone
Lauren Fernell
555-7771
MIS 350
F12
A
Hess
555-2222
Lauren Fernell
555-7771
MIS 372
F12
B
Sarker
555-2224
Lauren Fernell
555-7771
MIS 426
F12
A
Fuller
555-2227
Lauren Fernell
555-7771
MIS 375
F12
B+
Wells
555-2228
Brigit Schnieder
555-2215
MIS 350
F12
A
Hess
555-2222
Brigit Schnieder
555-2215
MIS 375
F12
B+
Wells
555-2228
Brigit Schnieder
555-2215
MIS 372
F12
A
Sarker
555-2224
Brigit Schnieder
555-2215
MIS 374
F12
B
Clay
555-2221
Jackie Judson
555-1245
MIS 350
F12
A
Hess
555-2222
Jackie Judson
555-1245
MIS 372
F12
B+
Sarker
555-2224
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Relational Database Design: Normalization:
Normalized Tables
Enrolled Table
SID
Course
Term Grade
A121
MIS 350
F12
A121
MIS 372
A121
Instructors Table
A
Teaching Table
Course Term Inst.
ID
Inst.
ID
Instructor Instructor
Phone
F12
B
MIS 350
F12
I215
I215
Hess
555-2222
MIS 426
F12
A
MIS 372
F12
I007
I007
Sarker
555-2224
A121
MIS 375
F12
B+
MIS 426
F12
I001
I001
Fuller
555-2227
A124
MIS 350
F12
A
MIS 375
F12
I235
I235
Wells
555-2228
A124
MIS 375
F12
B+
MIS 374
F12
I221
I221
Clay
555-2221
A124
MIS 372
F12
A
A124
MIS 374
F12
B
A126
MIS 350
F12
A
A126
MIS 372
F12
B+
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Students Table
SID
Student
Student
Phone
A121
Lauren Fernell
555-7771
A124
Brigit Schnieder
555-2215
A126
Jackie Judson
555-1245
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