Transcript The EU and enlargement - Loughborough University

The ‘widening and deepening’ of the
European Union, 1951-2006
Dr Maurice FitzGerald
Lecturer in European and International Studies
Department of Politics, International Relations and European Studies (PIRES)
Loughborough University
email
tel
web
22 July 2015
[email protected]
01509 223659
http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~eumf2/index.htm
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aims of this presentation
• to examine some of the fundamental processes involved in the
history of European integration across the second half of the 20th
century, especially in terms of the EU’s ‘widening and deepening’
– ‘widening’ essentially means increasing the EU’s membership through the
process of enlargement, i.e. accepting the entry of new Member States
– ‘deepening’ basically means developing and strengthening the EU’s
competences and policies, e.g. through the signing of new treaties
• to argue that this process is both dynamic and ongoing, and that
the United Kingdom, with its European partners, has more to
gain than to lose from a development which, despite some
serious setbacks, looks set to continue across the 21st century
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some theoretical approaches
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federalism
neofunctionalism
intergovernmentalism
system governance
network governance
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neo-institutionalism
social constructivism
integration through law
discursive approaches
gender perspectives
Antje Wiener & Thomas Diez (eds.), European integration theory
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p.240
liberal intergovernmentalism 
Andrew Moravcsik, The choice for Europe: social purpose and state power
from Messina to Maastricht (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998)
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What do we mean by ‘Europe’?
Who is included? Who is excluded?
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Timothy Garton Ash, “Montenegro is back on the map, and it need not become Ruritania”, Guardian,
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1 June 2006, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,1787175,00.html
[15 August 2006]
what is ‘Europeanization’?
“the reorientation and reshaping of aspects of
politics and governance in the domestic arena in
ways that reflect the policies, practices and
preferences of European level actors”
for further information, see Ian Bache & Andrew Jordan (eds.), The
Europeanization of British Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006)
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does the EU have a government
... or is it a system of governance?
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Commission http://europa.eu.int/comm/
Council http://ue.eu.int
Parliament http://www.europarl.eu.int/
Court http://curia.eu.int/
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is the EU a state?
year
anthem
constitution
currency
flag
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motto
Gateway to the European Union
http://europa.eu
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day
basic enlargement history
1951
1973
1981
1986
1990
1995
2004
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‘Six’
Belgium, France, West Germany (FRG),
… and Norway? Luxembourg, Italy, and the Netherlands
‘Nine’
Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom }
northern
‘Ten’
Greece
‘Twelve’
Portugal, and Spain southern
Greenland withdraws!
… and Norway? East Germany (GDR) } forgotten
‘Fifteen’
Austria, Finland, and Sweden } EFTAN
‘Twenty-five’ Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland,
CEEC
(incl. Club Med) Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic
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treaty basis for enlargement
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe – Article I-58
1.
2.
The Union shall be open to all European States which respect the
values [of the European Union, namely “respect for human dignity,
freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for
human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to
minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a
society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice,
solidarity and equality between men and women prevail”] … and
are committed to promoting them together.
Any European State which wishes to become a member of the
Union shall address its application to the Council. The European
Parliament and national parliaments shall be notified of this
application. The Council shall act unanimously after consulting the
Commission and after obtaining the consent of the European
Parliament, which shall act by a majority of its component
members. The conditions and arrangement for admission shall be
the subject of an agreement between the Member States and the
candidate State. That agreement shall be subject to ratification by
each contracting State, in accordance with its respective
constitutional requirements.
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fundamental policy developments
1951
1957
1965
1968
1986
1993
1997
2000
2004
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European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) } Treaty of Paris
European Economic Community (EEC)
Treaties of Rome
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
merger treaty forms the European Communities (EC)
e.g. CAP… & CFP
completion of the Common Market
Single European Act (SEA) QMV ‘eurosclerosis’
Treaty of European Union (TEU, also known as Maastricht)
Treaty of Amsterdam … more QMV from Single Market (1992) to
single currency (2002)
Treaty of Nice … and even more QMV
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (ratification pending)
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a new constitution?
constitutional treaty ratification
Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Slovakia, Slovenia, and
Spain have all completed this process
the French and Dutch electorates have, through
consultative referenda, rejected it
the UK – originally slated to be the last EU25
state to hold a referendum – has put it on hold,
as have the Czech Republic, Denmark, Ireland,
Poland, Portugal, and Sweden; meanwhile,
Finland appears to be continuing with ratification
and may complete it by the end of 2006
as acceding counties, Bulgaria and Romania –
as well as Croatia, FYROM and Turkey as
candidate countries – are expected to assume
the constitution as part of their membership
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Countries which assume it upon entry
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the next waves of enlargement?
acceding countries
candidate countries
Turkey applied in April 1987
Croatia applied in February 2003
FYROM applied in March 2004
Bulgaria applied in December 1995
Romania applied in June 1995
potential candidate countries
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Montenegro
Serbia
United Nations Mission in Kosovo
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the future development of the eurozone?
twelve EU member states are part of the eurozone
three other European countries formally use the euro, while a
further three countries use it without a formal arrangement
thirteen EU member states are not in the eurozone
eight of them are ERMII members, and thus are linked to the euro,
but only two of them have formal euro opt-outs
what of the Growth and Stability Pact?
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what are the EU’s current concerns?
Commission
Iraq | Growth and Jobs | Sustainable Development | Middle East | Development |
EU Budget | Avian influenza | Enlargement | CAP/Doha | Humanitarian aid |
Climate change | Fight against terrorism | Energy
Finnish presidency
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“The Presidency of the Council of the European Union
rotates every six months … Finland … passes it on to
Germany at the beginning of 2007. Portugal will hold the
Presidency during the latter half of 2007 and Slovenia will
take over the position in 2008. Finland held its previous EU
Presidency during the latter half of 1999 … Finland will next
hold the Presidency of the EU in spring 2020.
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other reasons for concern?
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Treaty of Nice implementation: having entered into force in 2003, its full realisation is now well under
way, but it will not be completed until the end of the decade
EU25: with the composition and structures of the European Council, Council of Ministers, Commission,
Parliament, and the Courts, as well as changes in working practices, the CEEC enlargement is forcing
the EU to reinvent and reform itself or else it will become unworkable; meanwhile, the CEECs have been
tasked with addressing a whole host of problems – politically, economically, judicially, and socially
CAP: following the agreement on the budgetary perspective for 2007-2013, plans for the reform of CAP
will doubtlessly re-emerge before the end of the decade, not least within the realm of WTO negotiations,
but also in terms of viability, future contributions, etc.
internal market: the EU population has grown from 380 to 455 million consumers, the land mass has
become ¼ as big again in size, but the European Economic Area extends to include Iceland,
Liechtenstein and Norway, while this area also has strong links with Switzerland through its membership
of the European Free Trade Association
security considerations: protecting peace and security near to the EU’s new borders and near
neighbourhood, with drugs, prostitution and terrorism – as well as that ongoing preoccupation of access
to energy resources like gas and oil – are at the forefront of government and media attention
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conclusions
• ‘widening and deepening’ are relatively
constant, certainly entwined, elements
in a dynamic and ongoing European
integration process
• evolving out of the ECSC, it has grown
in terms of membership …
from the original Six  EC9  EC10 
EC12  EU15  EU25
… and also, of course, in competence
• what does the 21st century hold for the
EU, Europe, and the wider world?
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