Transcript Chapter 9 – Beginnings (Greece)

Chapter 9 – Beginnings (Greece)
Lesson Essential Question 1 – Where are the
important features and cities of the Minoans
and Mycenaeans on a map?
A. Locate and label items on the map
of the Aegean World.
Chapter Focus
Why It’s Important (p. 151)
B. What two civilizations did Greek
civilizations grow out of?
1. Minoan
2. Mycenaean
C. What was important about both
these civilizations?
1. Due to the geography of the land, they both
became great sea powers.
2. The Minoans and Mycenaeans left an important
legacy, or gift from the past, to the Greeks.
Section 1: The Minoans (p. 151-155)
Lesson Essential Question 2 – What was life
like for the Minoans?
The Minoans p. 151-152
D. Where did the Minoan civilization
start?
Crete
E. Describe, or tell me about, the
Minoans.
1. The Minoans, also known as Cretans, grew
wheat, barley, grapes, and olives.
2. When the olive groves and vineyards
produced more than was needed, the Minoans
traded the surplus for goods they could not
grow or make on Crete.
F. What did the Minoans do with their
forests?
Since there were so many forests, the Minoans
learned to work with wood and became good
carpenters and build ships.
G. How did the Minoans earn a
living?
1. They also learned to work with metal.
2. They used their metalworking and carpentry
skills to build ships and began to earn a
living from trade instead of farming.
H. What did the Minoans do when
pirates threatened their ships?
1. When pirates threatened their ships, the Minoans
changed the way they built them so they would go
faster.
2. They made them slimmer, and with two or three
masts instead of one.
3. The Minoans also put decks over the heads of
rowers to protect them.
4. They placed a wooden beam in the prow, or front
part of the ship.
5. The wooden beam was used to smash a hole in
enemy ships to sink them.
I. Over time, what did the Minoans
become?
The Minoans became the world’s first important
seafaring civilization.
The People (p. 152)
J. Describe the Minoan people.
1. The Minoans were a small people with bronze skin
and long dark hair.
2. Men wore striped loincloths, long robes
embroidered with flowers, or trousers that bagged
at the knee.
3. Women wore full skirts and short-sleeved jackets
that laced in front.
4. The Minoans had small waists and wore tight belts
to show them off.
5. They also wore jewelry.
K. How did the Minoans spend their
time?
1. Men farmed and fished.
2. They raised cattle, long-horned sheep, and
goats.
3. The men also served in the navy and the
royal guard.
4. Women performed household duties,
attended sporting events, and went hunting in
chariots.
L. What did the Minoans do to show
their love of sports?
1. They built what was probably the world’s first
arena.
2. It was an open-air arena
3. Stone steps made up the grandstand, which
seated about 500.
4. The king and the royal party had their own
special seats.
M. Define and describe bull leaping:
Bull leaping was a form of bullfighting. A young
man and woman “fought” the bull together.
The man would grab the bull by the horns. As
the bull raised its head to toss him, he would
do a somersault onto its back, landing on his
feet. He would then do a back flip off the bull.
The woman would catch her partner as he
landed on his feet. Many believe it was also a
religious ritual.
Bull Leaping
Cities and Palaces (p. 152-153)
N. What ways Minoan cities were
different from other ancient cities?
1. At the heart of each Minoan city stood a palace
rather than a temple.
2. Also, Minoan cities did not have walls around
them.
3. Instead people depended on the sea and navy for
protection.
O. Describe, or tell me about, the city
of Knossos.
1. One of the largest cities of Crete.
2. About one-fifth of the area was taken up by a fivestory palace that served as a government building,
temple, factory, and warehouse.
3. Its walls were built of stone and sun-dried brick
framed with wooden beams.
4. The Minoans decorated the inside walls with
brightly colored frescoes, or watercolor paintings
made on damp plaster.
5. The palace had bathrooms with bathtubs and flush
toilets.
O. Describe, or tell me about, the city
of Knossos.
6. It also had hot and cold running water and
portable fireboxes to heat rooms.
7. The palace had several entrances.
8. Passageways and rooms formed a labyrinth.
9. Define labyrinth – a network of paths
through which it is difficult to find one’s
way; a maze
10. Labyrinth also means “double ax,” so the
palace was called “House of the Double Ax.”
P. What was around the palace and
beyond?
1. Sea captains, merchants, and ship builders lived
in houses around the palace.
2. Past their houses stood those of artisans who
made beautiful cups and vases and designed
delicate jewelry.
Rulers and Religion (p. 154)
Q. What kind of rulers did Crete have?
Priest-kings
R. Were the Minoans monotheistic or
polytheistic?
Polytheistic – They believed in many gods.
Monotheism is the belief in one god.
S. What was Minoan religion like?
1. The main god was the Great Goddess Mother
Earth.
2. She made plants grow and brought children
into the world.
3. To honor her, the Minoans built shrines in
palaces, on housetops, on hilltops, and in
caves.
The Fall of the Minoans (p. 155)
T. What happened to the Minoans?
Around 1400 B. C., control of the sea and of
Crete went to the Mycenaeans.
U. What have scientists learned about
what happened to the Minoans?
Scientists have learned of a violent, volcanic
eruption (volcano of Thera) on the island of
Santorini, miles away, led to a tsunami. This
tsunami destroyed the Minoan ships and also
left them open for attack.
V. Summarize, or tell me briefly about, the
legend that describes the fall of
the Minoans.
A young Greek prince named Theseus was
brought to Crete to be sacrificed to the
Minotaur, a huge monster the king had kept in
the palace labyrinth. The Minotaur had the
body of a man and the head of a bull and lived
on human flesh. Theseus was put in the
labyrinth. He fought the monster with a
magical sword and killed it. When the
Minotaur died, so did the power of the
Minoans.
Section 2: The Mycenaeans
(p. 155-160)
Lesson Essential Question 3 – What was life
like for the Mycenaeans?
The Mycenaeans (p. 155, 157)
W. Where did the Mycenaeans come from and
how did they arrive in
Greece?
1. The Mycenaeans came from the grasslands
of southern Russia.
2. Around 2000 B. C., small groups started
making their way west into Europe and then
south through the Balkan Peninsula.
3. Finally, they settled in the lowlands of
Greece.
X. How did the fortress-palaces work?
1. The Mycenaean kings built fortress-palaces
on hilltops.
2. In times of danger or attack, the people in the
villages outside the palace walls took shelter
within the palace.
3. Define megaron – a square room with a
fireplace in its center
4. The king held council meetings and
entertained in the megaron.
Y. How did the Mycenaeans use their
land?
1. Land was divided into estates that were farmed
either by enslaved people or by tenants.
2. Define tenants – people who live on and work
another person’s land
3. Landowners gave the king horses, chariots,
weapons, wheat, farm animals, honey, and hides in
exchange for protection.
4. Tenants worked to supply many of these items.
Z. How did the Mycenaeans get more
meat?
They hunted. They hunted rabbit, deer, boar,
wild bulls, and game birds. Women rode with
the men.
Traders and Pirates (p. 157-158)
AA. How did the Minoans influence
the Mycenaeans?
1. The Mycenaeans began to imitate Minoan
gold and bronze work.
2. They adapted Cretan writing to their
language.
3. They copied Minoan fashion.
4. Most important, the Mycenaeans learned
how to build ships and navigate.
5. They also learned to grow olives and make
olive oil.
BB. What were the uses for olive oil?
1. cooking
2. fuel for lamps
3. to rub on their bodies (perfumed oil)
CC. How did olive oil impact
Mycenaean trade?
1. The sale of olive oil made the Mycenaeans
rich.
2. It also led to the founding of trading stations
and settlements on nearby islands.
DD. How were the Mycenaeans
“warriors at heart”?
1. In battle, they used large hide shields with wooden
frames and fought with spears and swords.
2. Their leaders wore fancy bronze armor.
3. At first, the Mycenaeans only fought one another.
4. After they learned about shipbuilding and
navigation, they outfitted pirate fleets and began to
raid nearby lands.
5. By 1400 B. C., they had replaced the Minoans as
the chief power of the Aegean world.
The Trojan War (p. 158-159)
Lesson Essential Question 4 – What is the
legendary cause and effect of the Trojan War?
EE. What was Troy?
a major trading city in Asia Minor
FF. What made the Trojans powerful?
1. The Trojans controlled trade routes to the
Black Sea.
2. They made money by taxing the ships that
carried grain and gold from southern Russia
to Greece.
GG. Who was Homer?
1. He was a blind, Greek
poet.
2. Iliad – Homer’s poem
about the Trojan War
3. Odyssey – Homer’s
poem about the
wanderings of
Odysseus, a hero of
the Trojan War.
HH. Summarize, according to Homer, what
happened during the Trojan
War.
The Trojan War was fought over a woman. A Trojan prince,
Paris, fell in love with Helen, the wife, of a Mycenaean king.
Paris took Helen to Troy. Her husband became angry and
sailed after them. Since the walls of Troy were so thick, the
Mycenaeans could not get inside the city. They camped on the
plain outside the city walls. After ten years of fighting,
Odysseus suggested a way to get inside. He had the soldiers
build a huge, hollow, wooden horse. Soldiers hid inside while
the rest sailed away. The Trojans saw the ships leave and
thought they had won. They did not know the Mycenaeans
would return after dark. The Trojans pulled the horse into the
city as a victory prize. When everyone went to sleep, the
soldiers hidden inside came out. They opened the gates and let
the rest of the Mycenaean soldiers in the city. They
Mycenaeans killed the king of Troy and burned the city. With
Helen, they returned home.
A “Dark Age” (p. 159-160)
Lesson Essential Question 5 – How did the
“Dark Ages” affect the Aegean World?
II. What happened after the Trojan
War?
The Mycenaeans did not return to their peaceful
ways. A series of civil wars broke out.
JJ. Define civil wars –
wars between opposing groups of citizens
KK. Who then invaded Greece?
Dorians
LL. What happened to the
Mycenaeans?
Thousands of Mycenaeans
fled the Greek mainland
and settled on Aegean
islands on the western
shore of Asia Minor.
These settlements later
became known as Ionia.
The Aegean World then
entered a “Dark Age”.
MM. What happened during the “Dark
Age”?
1. It was a time of wandering and killing.
2. Overseas trade stopped.
3. The people of Aegean region forgot how to write
and keep records.
4. The skill of fresco painting and working with
ivory and gold disappeared.
5. The Aegean world was cut off from the Middle
East and the people had to create a new
civilization on their own.
NN. What happened after the “Dark Age”
when the people started over?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The people started over.
Once again, herding and farming became the main ways
of life.
Local leaders ruled small areas.
These leaders called themselves kings, but they were
little more than chiefs.
At first, the borders of the areas they ruled kept
changing.
In time, however, the borders became fixed, and each
area became an independent community.
NN. What happened after the “Dark Age”
when the people started over?
7. The people of these communities began
calling themselves Hellenes, or Greeks.
8. They worked hard to redevelop their
culture and to learn new crafts and skills.
9. The civilization they created flourished
from about 700s B. C. until 336 B. C.