Transcript A geographer’s Guide to Liaoning

A geographer’s
Guide to
Liaoning
and its provincial
capital, Shenyang
Liaoning is the most
southerly of the three
provinces that form
China’s “Northeast”
By
Dorothy Whiteley
Contents
Topic
Slides
Overview and geomorphology
3-10
Climate and soils
11-13
Population and historical summary
14-15
Economy and indicators
16-17
Rural Economy
18-20
Resources and power
21-22
Manufacturing and FDI
23-25
Pollution in Liaoning
26-30
Major cities introduction
31-34
Shenyang
35-40
Tourism in Liaoning
41-44
Recent news
45
Where could this resource be used
46
Overview of Liaoning Province

Liaoning Province is located in the southern part of
China’s Northeast, bordering the Bohai Gulf and
Yellow Sea to the south and the Korean Peninsula to
the southeast. In the southeast, the Yalu River and
the city of Dandong demarks the Liaoning/North
Korean border, across which 70% of all official trade
between China and North Korea passes.

Known to the Chinese as ‘the Golden Triangle’ due
to it’s shape and location
Summary of Province with ref to ‘Revitalising the NE’
plan
http://shenyang.usembassy-china.org.cn/ln.html

It is possible to think of Liaoning as three approximate geographical
regions: the highlands in the west, plains in the middle, and hills in the east.
The highlands, in Western Liaoning, fringe the northern shore of Liaodong
Bay between Shanhaiguan (Hebei) and Jinzhou and are predominantly a
highland area comprising the broken and eroded fringe of the Mongolian
Plateau. They reach heights of approx. 450 metres but near the sea the
mountains have been intensely eroded by fast-flowing rivers, so that a
complex mass of valleys and ridges has been formed.
The central part of Liaoning is a depression continuous with the North
China Plain but erosional rather than depositional. consists of the
watersheds of rivers such as the Liao, Daliao, and their tributaries. This
region is mostly low flat plains with poor drainage causing swamps now
mostly drained
The eastern part of Liaoning is dominated by the Changbai Shan and
Qianshan ranges, which extend into the sea to form the Liaodong
Peninsula where the coastline is submerging. The highest point in Liaoning,
Mount Huabozi (1336 m), is found in this region. The NE section is the least
developed part of the province.
Physical geography of
Liaoning
The highlands, in Western Liaoning, fringe
the northern shore of Liaodong Bay
between Shanhaiguan (Hebei) and Jinzhou
and are predominantly a highland area
comprising the broken and eroded fringe
of the Mongolian Plateau. They reach
heights of approx. 450 metres but near the
sea the mountains have been intensely
eroded by fast-flowing rivers, so that a
complex mass of valleys and ridges has
been formed.
The central part of Liaoning is a depression
continuous with the North China Plain but
erosional rather than depositional. consists
of the watersheds of rivers such as the Liao,
Daliao, and their tributaries. This region is
mostly low flat plains with poor drainage
causing swamps now mostly drained
The eastern part of Liaoning is dominated
by the Changbai Shan and Qianshan
ranges, which extend into the sea to form
the Liaodong Peninsula where the
coastline is submerging. The highest point
in Liaoning, Mount Huabozi (1336 m), is
found in this region. The NE section is the
least developed part of the province.
The Qianshan
Mountains
The Continental Monsoon
Climate of Liaoning
January Mean July Mean
Frost
Temperatures Temperatures Free
Days pa
Dalian
-5°C
23°C
200
Shenyang
-12°C
25°C
160-180
Precipitation in Liaoning as a whole diminishes consistently
from southeast to northwest. Average annual precipitation
is about 440 to 1,130 mm, ¾of it falling between June and
September and almost none from December through
February. The summer rainfall is often torrential, but
everywhere the scarcity of spring precipitation tends to
leave crops short of water.
Soils
The soils of the middle of the Liao lowland are of the calcareous
alluvial type; those of the peripheries to east and west are of brown
forest types; and those of the northern peripheries are red earths.
The swamps have gley soils (having a sticky layer of clay under the
waterlogged surface). The soils of the peninsula, like the rock types
and the topography, are highly mixed and varied. Most of the best
soils there are of
brown forest type
or of red or yellow
loess (an
unstratified windborne loamy
deposit). There has
been serious soil
erosion, and
skeletal soils occur
on the steeper
slopes.
Gley Soils
Eroded soil meets the sea
X Shenyang
Jilin
Province
Liaodong Bay
x Beijing
x Dalian
Bohai Sea
x Dandong
North
Korea
Mouth of x
Huang Ho
(Yellow) river
South
Korea
Yellow Sea
Notice sedimentation in shallow seas especially the Bohai Sea and
the East China coast and west coast of Korea
.
.
Population
See Migration notes in article
on Diaspora
Ethnic groups in Liaoning, 2000 census
Nationality
Population
Percentage
Han Chinese
35,105,991
83.94%
Manchu
5,385,287
12.88%
Mongol
669,972
1.60%
Hui
264,407
0.632%
Koreans
241,052
0.576%
Xibe
132,615
0.317%
Timeline
Pre 1900
• Before 1900 most people in the province including land
owners were of Mongol or Manchu descent not Han
Chinese and workers were in peasant farming, herding,
mining and forestry
• Chinese immigrants in large numbers moved north overland to the
Central Plains and via the sea to Dalian to work in the farm harvests
and then stayed there.
• The South- Manchurian railway was built 1896 to 1903 and linked
Shenyang to Dalian, Jilin province and Harbin in the north and also
to the Trans-Siberian railway
Turn of
the
• After the Russo-Japanese war in 1907 the Japanese took control
Century
and began to invest heavily in heavy industry such as coal, steel
Change
and machinery
Post
WW2
• This Japanese control continued to 1945 when Russia resumed
some rights
• The industrial installations of Liaoning suffered heavily from WW2
damage and from Soviet seizures of stockpiles and machinery but
China needed the products in the early years of the new country
and the restoration of the area was declared a priority.
• Russian partial rights to Port Arthur naval base (now Dalian) and
the South- Manchurian railway ended in 1955,
Economy of the Province

The economy of Liaoning is by far the
strongest in the Northeast and is one of the
strongest provincial economies in China.
Liaoning is one of the country’s principal
industrial provinces. One reason for the high
level of development in Liaoning is the high
level of capitalization, based both on
investments made under the government
since 1949 and on important foreign
investments made between 1896 and 1945,
mainly by the Japanese – summarised on
following slide
Major Economic Indicators : Notice size of % changes
(3 = Jan-Sep 2013)
2012
Value
Growth
(%, y-oy)
Gross Domestic Product (RMB bn)
2,484.6
9.5
Per Capita GDP (RMB)
Added Value Output
56,649
9.4
- Primary industry (RMB bn)
215.6
Economic Indicators
- Secondary industry (RMB bn)
- Tertiary industry (RMB bn)
1,926.4 3
8.7
5.1
125.7 3
3.2
1,323.1
9.8
1036.3 3
9.2
946.0
10.1
764.4 3
8.7
Value-added Industrial Output 2
(RMB bn)
Fixed-assets Investment (RMB bn)
Retail Sales (RMB bn)
Inflation (Consumer Price Index,
%)
Exports (US$ bn)
Imports (US$ bn)
Jan-Nov 2013
Growth
Value
(%, y-oy)
14.9
9.7
2,183.6
23.2
2,403.4
20.4
925.7
15.7
852.3
13.5
2.8
57.9
46.0
13.5
2.3
2.5
60.5
44.8
14.4
6.7
Why has the rural economy
developed at a slower pace?






Investment has always been much heavier in
industry than in farming.
Earlier Japanese administrators had not invested in
agriculture
Natural calamities, such as spring drought
Inefficient cultivation methods in many places,
which result in lower agricultural yields.
Exceptional opportunities for employment in
industry also tend to deprive agriculture of much
of the best labour, in spite of policies designed to
prevent this.
Short summer preventing 2 crops a year
The larger the circle the greater the area of sown land
The darker the red the greater the level of water scarcity
What is grown here?
Peanuts
Corn
Sugar beet
Apples
Rice
Vegetables
Pears
Soybean
Tussah silkworm
Reforested Timber
Cotton
Tobacco
Resources and power in
Liaoning
1.
2.
3.
4.
Iron ore is concentrated in a triangular area to the south of
Shenyang. These ores are generally easy to mine but are of
relatively poor quality; ores of better quality occur in the
north-eastern part of the province.
Coal is more widespread, and its distribution partly overlaps
that of iron. Coal is exploited in three main areas to the north,
east and southeast, and west of Shenyang. Fushun, east of
Shenyang, and Fuxin, to the west, have two of the most
important collieries in China. Both were exploited under the
Japanese but have been expanded since the communists
came to power. Apart from its use as fuel and in smelting,
coal is used in Liaoning to produce synthetic petroleum.
Oil shale which occurs in the Fushun area and in western
Liaoning and generally over the coal seams is used to make
synthetic petroleum.
Oil from the Liao River oil field, first developed in the late
1960s and has become one of China’s largest onshore
producers.
…….continued
1.
Rich reserves of manganese ore occur in western Liaoning
and in the southeast.
2.
In the eastern mountain area there are substantial deposits
of boron, lead, and zinc; smaller similar deposits occur in
the west, together with an important deposit of
molybdenum. Important concentrations of magnetite are
found around Haicheng, southwest of Shenyang.
1.
There are also reserves of other minerals, including bauxite,
gold, and diamonds, and sea salt is produced.

Liaoning is a major regional producer of electric power.
Much of this is generated by large coal-fired thermal plants
in Shenyang, Dalian, and other cities, but a growing
proportion consists of hydroelectricity. Liaoning exports
some of its production to neighbouring provinces.
Manufacturing Centres
CITY
POPULATION IN
2010
Summary
SHENYANG
8.1 million
Shenyang has provincial-level powers in economic
planning. Promotes a wide range of heavy and light
industry eg machinery and electronics.
ANSHAN
3.6 million
Home to the Anshan Iron and Steel Group, one of
the largest steel producers in China.
FUSHUN
2.3 million
Near Shenyang - based on coal and oil shale
LIAOYANG
DALIAN
Chemical fibre and textile centre
6.7 million
Best harbour in NE, Major port, Strategic position,
Modern Engineering, shipbuilding and locomotives
+ one of China’s coastal cities open to FDI
JINZHOU
Less developed but focus is modern industry
TIELING
New city in the north based on local coal. Link
shows poor growth of New Town outside the city
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB100014241278
87324412604578515382905495900
PANJIN
New city in Liao delta based on local oil
Foreign Investment

Liaoning attracted the largest amount of FDI in
northern China. Dalian and Shenyang are the
most popular destinations of FDI in Liaoning,
together accounting for 67.8% of the total in
2012. The manufacturing sector attracted the
largest share of FDI (46.5% of the total) in 2012,
followed by the real estate sector.

Hong Kong is the largest source of FDI in Liaoning.
In 2012, utilised FDI from Hong Kong amounted to
US$14.7 billion, accounting for 54.7% of the total
utilized FDI. Besides Hong Kong, South Korea,
Japan, US, Germany and Taiwan are major
sources of FDI.
Steel plant, Benxi
Shenyang Oct
2013
Shenyang
POLLUTION IN
LIAONING
Walking in Shenyang Oct
2013
The Impact of coal-fired power stations
Volume
Impact
=
=
size of circle
density of colour
Open the link to see a live map for air pollution in
Liaoning. Weds 9/7/2014 range was from 24-173
http://aqicn.org/map/liaoning/
AQI
Air Pollution
Impact
0-50
Good
Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution
poses little or no risk
51-100
Moderate
Air quality is acceptable; but some pollutants may pose
a moderate health risk for a very small number of
people who are unusually sensitive
101-150
Unhealthy
for sensitive
groups
Members of sensitive groups may experience health
effects. The general public is not likely to be affected.
151-200
Unhealthy
Everyone may begin to experience health effects;
members of sensitive groups may experience more
serious health effects
201-300
Very
Unhealthy
Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire
population is more likely to be affected.
300+
Hazardous
Health alert: serious health effects for everybody
Dec 2013 - 8 Liaoning cities fined for
air pollution

Local governments in eight cities in northeast China's Liaoning
Province have been fined a total of 54.2 million yuan (8.9 million U.S.
dollars) for air pollution

Shenyang, capital of Liaoning, was ordered to pay a fine of 34.6
million yuan. Seven other cities, including Dalian and Anshan, were
fined 19.6 million yuan

Decades of breakneck economic growth, the coal-dominated
energy mix and lax environmental law enforcement are blamed for
the prominent pollution in Liaoning

The choking smog affecting areas of northern China, including
Liaoning, is particularly bad in winter, the peak season for coal
consumption. Industries such as glass, iron and steel, coal and
cement are among high-energy consumers. Therefore, halting
production at these industries would be the best solution. Cement is
the one most likely to be targeted but this could cause permanent
closures and/or a move towards cheaper (and more polluting) fuels
Air Pollution Websites/Articles
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http://china.org.cn/environment/201312/10/content_30856898.htm
http://aqicn.org/map/liaoning/
http://www.wantchinatimes.com/newssubclasscnt.aspx?id=20131227000080&cid=1105
http://www.chinacp.org.cn/eng/cppolicystra
tegy/cp_cities.html
http://ajw.asahi.com/article/sci_tech/environ
ment/AJ201310240045
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/831346.sh
tml
Major Cities
Capital
City =
Shenyang
Anshan
Dalian
Jinzhou
Dandong
Yingkou
Economic Indicators of Major Cities 2012
GDP
(RMB bn)
Per Capita
GDP
(RMB)
Shenyang 瀋
陽
660.2
80,480
280.2
5,965
Dalian 大連
700.2
102,922
222.4
34,682
Anshan 鞍山
242.9
69,211
70.4
2,374
Fushun 撫順
123.6
58,512
45.5
707
Dandong 丹東
101.5
42,171
37.6
2,875
Jinzhou 錦州
124.3
40,002
43.5
1,751
Yingkou 營口
138.1
56,583
34.1
3,882
Cities
Retail
Exports
Sales
(US$ mn)
(RMB bn)
Major Cities
Anshan
Dalian
Jinzhou
Dandong
Yingkou
+
Benxi
Fushun
Huludao
Tieling
Liaoyang
Capital = Shenyang
Jinzhou

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Jinzhou is one of the key business cities in
China with a wide range of industries. It was
once regarded as “a newly developed
industrial area” in the 1960s. The first transistor,
quartz glass, nylon, electronic impact
furnace, and artificial plastic flower were all
made in Jinzhou. Jinzhou, focusing on
petrochemical, new materials and deep
processing of agricultural products, has
formed a stable industry base, such as:
electronics, pharmaceuticals and textiles.
It also held the 2013 World Landscape Art
Exposition
Shenyang Wulihe
football stadium
Images of Shenyang
Sunbird sculpture,
North Railway Station
Shenyang
Shenyang
Memorial in Shenyang linked to
1931 Japanese invasion of
Liaoning
Tourism Introduction
http://www.chinadiscover.net/liaoningtourism/
Travelogue Clip for Shenyang
http://www.mynetbizz.com/packages/Sheny
ang/Shenyang-sightseeing-tours.cfm
Most Popular Attractions in
Shenyang
http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Tourismg297450-Liaoning-Vacations.html
In Shenyang, Liaoning's capital city, there is a Manchu version of the
Forbidden City known as the Shenyang Imperial Palace. Built on the
same principles as the Forbidden City in Beijing, although much
smaller in scope, it was completed by Huang Taiji in 1636. Second
only to the Forbidden City, it is the most intact imperial building in
existence in China. The Imperial Palace is a museum that features
extensive exhibits of jade, ivory, artworks of Ming and Qing dynasties
(including paintings, sculpture, enamels and ceramics), musical
instruments, and a large display of 17th and 18th Centuries military
equipment.
The emperors that built the Imperial Palace also built their burial sites
in Shenyang: Fuling Tomb also called the East Tomb; and Zhaoling
Tomb, also called the North Tomb. Emperor Nurhachi and his mistress
are buried in Fuling Tomb. Nurhachi's son, Huang Taiji (the father of
Emperor Shunzhi) and his empress are buried in Zhaoling. The large
and beautiful Zhaoling tomb has been compared to the Ming Tombs
in Beijing and is located in the enormous Beiling Park. A third tomb,
Yongling Tomb, completes the famous tomb group known as the
'three tombs outside of the Great Wall'.
Shenyang City Centre
Pollution in Shenyang

Shenyang is a key industrial center in the highly industrialized region of Northeastern
China. With a population of 6.7 million, it is China's fourth largest city and is considered
to be an economic and scientific powerhouse. As the national economy strengthened
during the 1980s and 1990s, the city experienced rapid industrial growth, which
worsened existing environmental problems and introduced new ones.

As the standard of living increased, public interest in environmental quality also
increased. The Sustainable Shenyang Project reflects that concern in 3 areas:
1. Deteriorating air quality caused by coal combustion
2. Surface and ground water pollution caused in part by an increasingly severe
water shortage
3. Increasing amount of both domestic and industrial waste.

Initiatives that have come out of the program include promotion of unleaded gasoline,
city greening, energy control and the introduction of energy-saving technology,
rehabilitation of the Liao He River, freshwater pollution control, solid waste reduction,
and the construction of public toilets, landfill sites and more advanced wastewater
treatment plants.
Shenyang is one of China’s 10 Demonstration Cities which promote cleaner production
A Beacon of Hope in Shenyang
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http://e360.yale.edu/feature/shenyang_a_oncepolluted_china_city_is_turning_from_gray_to_green/2
454/
Almost every day of his childhood, He Xin remembers
the skies in his hometown of Shenyang being gray. “If
I wore a white shirt to school, by the end of the day it
would be brown,” recalls He, who was born in 1974,
“and there would be a ring of black soot under the
collar.”
Tiexi suburb was the site of several steel works and a
workers model village, now this is gone and It has
new four-lane roads, upscale apartment complexes,
a Carrefour store, and Shenyang’s first Ikea
Tourism in Liaoning
Being the birthplace of the Jin and Qing dynasties,
Liaoning has abundant historic sites plus a distinct
physical landscape. Notice tourist numbers but
relate to year-on-year growth especially from
overseas – possibly linked to growing business ties
2012
%
change
Number of domestic tourist
(million)
363
11.4
Income generated (RMB bn)
374
18.4
Number of overseas tourist
(million)
4.7
15.3
Foreign exchange income (US$
bn)
3.2
17.3
Source: Liaoning Statistical Yearbook 2013
Liaoning has a number of sites of scenic and historical interest,
including three designated by UNESCO in 2004 as World
Heritage sites: the Imperial Palace of the Qing dynasty (1644–
1911/12) in Shenyang, added to the site (designated 1987)
encompassing the Forbidden City in Beijing; three tombs of
Manchu rulers near Shenyang, also added to an existing site
(designated 2000) preserving tombs of the Ming (1368–1644)
and Qing dynasties in other provinces; and ruins of one of the
capital cities of the ancient Koguryŏ kingdom at Wunu
Mountain in eastern Liaoning, which were collectively
designated with other Koguryŏ city sites and tombs in
neighbouring Jilin province. In addition, the easternmost
section of the extant Great Wall (named a World Heritage site
in 1987) runs along the southwestern corner of the province.
Famous local handicrafts, such as jade carvings from Xiuyan,
agates from Jinzhou, and shell carvings and glassware from
Dalian, are also of great interest to the large numbers of
tourists who visit the province annually
Southeast of Shenyang is Benxi, which has the largest water
cave in Asia. Within 45 square kilometers (17 square miles) of
Benxi Water Cave National Park, there are six areas of particular
interest: Mount Miaohou, Mount Tiecha, Mount Guanmen, the
Spa Temple, Tanggou Valley, and the Water Cave. The Water
Cave has an underground river with water so clear that the
riverbed is always visible. Take a ride on the sightseeing boat
and enter into the magic and mystery of the stalactite
formations that have formed over millions of years. It is common
to see artists at the various mountains and Tanggou Valley
drawing and painting the mountains and the innumerable
flowers and trees that are nurtured by the mountain streams.
Benxi Water Cave National Park is a unique wonderland of
pastoral beauty that has captured the imagines and hearts of
its visitors throughout the ages.
Liaoning Province is opulent in natural beauty as well as
interesting attractions. Aside from the ones noted above, there
are also: Fenghuang Mountain; Shenya Aquarium in Xinghai Bay
Resort has more than 7,000 fish; Dalian's Nest Cliff and Tiger
Beach, which has the largest aviary in China (18,000 square
meters or 6,950 square miles) and possibly the largest animal
sculpture in the world; the 300,000-year-old Yingkou Jinniushan
Relic, Phoenix Mountain, and Bingyu Valley. We must mention
Tiecha Mountain, which is located east of Benxi. Because its
eastern, southern and northern peaks can be seen from three
sides, it is also known as Jiu Ding (Nine Tops). Among this
mountain's many caves is Yunguang Cave, which houses eight
treasures: stone dragon, stone toad, stone fish, stone bed, stone
lotus, stone longevity and 'the wind that calms the pearl'. This
mountain, which is considered the birthplace of Taoism in
Northeast China, has a great amount of interesting, ancient
calligraphy carved into its rocks
Recent news
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July 3rd 2014 – Shares in Dalian port rose due
to central government approving a plan for
an international shipping and logistics centre
plus free trade agreement talks with South
Korea
July 2-6th 2014 Singapore business delegation
visited Shenyang looking for partnership
opportunities. In 2013 bilateral trade between
the two areas grew by 40.2% to reach $4.1
billion.
Aug 2013 – 12th National games were held in
Liaoning cities with 350 events and 31 sports.
Liaoning came second after Shandong and
above the People’s Liberation Army.
Where could this resource be used?
1.GCSE
a)Economic Development now and with a view to the
new specifications 2016
b)Urbanisation
c)Tourism
2. AQA A Level
a) World Cities module
b) Development module
c) Population/Migration at AS
3. IB
a) Global Interactions eg trans-boundary pollution
b) Core 2 – Disparities of Wealth ie Shenyang v Beijing
and core/periphery
c) Core 1 – Populations in Transition – compare with Tibet
for changing ethnic balance
d) Core 4 – Changing Patterns of Resource consumption