Transcript WORLD HISTORY THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE

WORLD HISTORY
THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE
CHAPTER ONE(1)
HUMAN BEGINNINGS
Major Themes of Ch. One(1)
• Movement: Migrations of prehistoric
people result in there spread throughout
the world
• Innovation: Early humans produce tools
and domesticate animals as well as crops.
• Change: The earliest civilizations begin
with the evolution of farming into the
construction and population of the first
cities.
Section One(1)
Discovery of Early
Humans In Africa
TIME LINE
4,400,000 BC
Earliest known
Human ancestor
found in east Africa
2,500,000 BC
Homo Habilis
Develops first
Stone tools
Objective: To find out
how have recent
archeological finds
contributed to our
understanding of
human origins.
1,700,000 BC
Homo Erectus
Reaches Asia
Thanks to research using the best available
technology, anthropologist have believe
they have traced their findings of the first
humanlike creatures to about 4.4 million
years ago. These remains belong to a
group of beings, called hominids.
Thanks to research using the best available
technology, anthropologist have believe they
have traced their findings of the first
humanlike creatures to about 4.4 million
years ago. These remains belong to a group
of beings, called hominids.
Some of the found artifacts even include objects
that were shaped by human hands, such as:
tools, pots, and beads.
Dating Early Artifacts
• One big problem with researching findings
is determining is age.
• To perform such a task, archaeologists,
anthropologists, and paleontologist use a
process called radioactive carbon dating.
• Another process they use is the testing of
DNA to form links between today’s people
and prehistoric ancestors.
Prehistoric Finds In Africa
DISCOVERY OF LUCY
• In 1974, the skeleton of a hominid named “Lucy,” was discovered by
two scientists, Tom Gray and Donald C. Johnson.
• Lucy was thought to be as old as 3.2 million years old.
• Lucy’s skeleton was the most in tact and complete skeleton found
from her time.
A THEORY
No one actually knows for sure when the
first humans lived but some scholars
believe the first hominids date back to
about 4.4 million years ago.
INSIDE THE THEORY
• Known as Australopithecus, these
hominids stood between 3 ½ and 5 feet
tall and walked on two legs.
• They were nicknamed “southern ape”
• They had large faces, large teeth, flat
noses and small brains.
Groups of Humans
• There are more
than one group of
hominids, and
scientist have
based all of there
names off of one
Latin root word,
“homo”, meaning
“human.”
• First was: Homo
Habilis or “person
with ability”.
• Then came: Homo
Erectus or “ person
who walks upright”.
• And last was: Homo
Sapiens or “ person
who thinks”.
Homo Habilis
• Lived during the Paleolithic period
• first to manufacture tools
Homo Erectus
• Were hunter gatherers
• Learned to make fire
• Also learned to cook, keep warm, and
scare away threatening animals
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Many scientist believe that modern humans, or
Homo Sapiens Sapiens originated in Africa
some 50,000 years ago.
Language
Early humans had no set language, instead
they communicated using grunts and
gestures.
SECTION TWO(2)
THE APPEARANCE OF HOMO SAPIENS
TIME LINE
100,000 BC
Neanderthals
Spread from Africa
Into Europe
and Asia
50,000 BC
Modern humans
Originate in
Africa
Objective: To find out
what were the
achievements of the
earliest humans.
15,000 BC
World population
Reaches about
2 million
THE NEANDERTHALS
• There has been evidence found of Homo
Sapiens that date back to about 200,000
years ago.
• They are thought to be Neanderthals
• Neanderthals stood about 5 ½ feet tall and
were very muscular.
THEIR SKILLS
• Were nomadic
hunter-gatherers
• Used fire for warmth
and the cooking of
food
• Created stone knives
and spear points
- created blades of
such sort b chipping
away small pieces of
stone from the edges
of larges stones
Neanderthal Ways Of life
• Lived in small group of no less than 35
and no more than 50
• Huddled together in caves or under the
overhangs of cliffs
Cultures And Beliefs
The Neanderthals practiced medicine and
cared for their sick and/or elderly. There is
some evidence that the Neanderthals
believed in life after death. They are
known to have covered dead bodies with
flowers, bury them in shallow graves, and
leave food and other tools necessary for
living in the afterlife.
Cro-Magnons
• The earliest of them were the CroMagnons.
• They were much taller than previous forms
of humans.
• Though they were more sophisticated,
they still used many of the forms of
survival from previous humans.
Technology
The Cro-Magnons
made a major
improvement in their
techniques for living.
• Made thinner and
sharper cutting blades
• Used bones, antler,
and ivory to make
new and more useful
tools.
Accomplishments
One major technological advance made
by the Cro-Magnons was the
creations of art in the form of cave
paintings.
Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution was a period of
improvement for early humans beings.
New environments began to blossom all
ever the world and new ways of living
made life a lot easier.
People gradually shifted from hunting
and gathering food to producing it,
making longer survival a more common
goal.
Neo. Rev (cont’d)
Not only did the Neolithic Revolution take
place very slowly, but different things
happened at different times in different
parts of the world, so no group was
experiencing the same advances as
another group.
The Dawn Of Agriculture
• Archaeologist have found
evidence of agriculture in the
middle east dating back to asfar-as 8,000 BC.
• The crops that Neolithic people
domesticated varied from
place to place depending on
the climate of a particular
region.
• Farming made life easier by
bringing steady supplies of
food, which allowed early
humans to settle longer in one
place.
• Soon, nomads began to
establish villages, which
enabled more people to
survive.
• This caused a rise in world
population.
Technological Advances
• Farmers of the
Neolithic period
plowing land
• They soon learned to
train oxen to pull
plows doing the work
for them.
Things That Emerged
• The practice of weaving
textiles
• Wheels for transportation
• The hammering of metals
(copper, lead, and gold)
to make weapons and
jewelry
• Well-made fur and leather
clothing
Section Three(3)
Emergence Of Civilization
TIME LINE
10,000 BC
Last Ice Age
Ends
8,000 BC
Agriculture begins
In various places
3,500 BC
Cities develop
along
The Tigris
Objective: To
find out what
economic,
political, and
social changes
resulted from
the rise of
cities.
1,500 BC
First Urban
Communities
In East Asia
Appear
River Valley Civilizations
• Slowly, villages began to form into
complex societies
• Many civilizations rose from settlements in
river valleys like that of the Nile and Tigris
• In civilizations, people began to learn
trades to develop a system of specialized
labor
The Economy Of A Civilization
• Depended on farmers growing a surplus of
food
First Irrigation Systems
• One of the things that allowed farmers to
produce such vast amounts of food was their
irrigation system
• These irrigation systems consisted of the human
transport of water, then ditches and nearby
rivers, then small canals and simple water
reservoirs
• To prevent flooding from the Nile River, farmers
built dams and dikes to control waters that could
possibly cause mass destruction
Specialized Labor
• Men and women began to earn livings
doing only one task instead of many
because of the number of people in a
civilization and because they could sell the
extra food produced by farmers
• Many people became artisans, jewelers,
or metal workers
Cultural Diffusion
At first, farmers and artisans
traded within their own
community, but soon
began traveling to nearby
areas to exchange goods.
Eventually they created a
specialized class of
traders called merchants,
who began to handle
trade routes, thus
creating the first
expeditions.
• Some trade was
conducted over land and
some over water
• People built rafts and
boats to travel on rivers
• Before long, rivers and
seacoast became filled
with sailing ships
• Not only goods were
exchanged, but so were
ideas
Planning And Leadership
•
•
City residents depended on farmers
for food
Farmers depended on city residents to
did irrigations and maintain reservoirs
•
•
•
The first cities needed a way of
supervising and protecting
agriculture and trade
They instated government
officials to oversee the collection,
storage, and distribution of
farming supplies because
nomadic groups would
repeatedly raid and pillage
farms.
These officials would also direct
labor forces needed for large
scale construction projects
• Soon, cities began to hire professional
soldiers to guard their territory and trade
routes
• Now we have a complete civilization:
A government
an army
an economy
and civilians to run it
Levels Of Social Standing
Archeological evidence proves that ancient
cities had social classes.
• Buried treasures
• Religious government buildings at the
cities center
• The further you lived from the city’s center,
the less important you are
Invention Of Writing
Much of archeological • Priest used marks
evidence found is
known as pictures,
that of records kept
known as
by priest of wheat,
pictograms
cloth , livestock, and • Then they began to
items they may have
use marks and
received as
pictures to
religious sacrifice.
represent ideas and
sound
• Priestly records listed the individual men
and women who were heads of
households, landowners, and merchants.
• Soon, the priest were also recording such
information as the king’s battle victories,
along with legal codes, medical texts, and
observation of the stars.
• Now we have a complete civilization:
A government
an army
an economy
a system of communication
and civilians to run it
This Presentation Is
Brought
to you By: Marcus
Seaberry