Transcript Engine Oils - Automotive Training and Learning | Pearson

Engine Oil Update
Jim Halderman
Introduction: Jim Halderman
•
•
Former flat-rate technician and
college instructor
Author of many automotive
books and lives in Dayton,
Ohio.

www.jameshalderman.com

[email protected]
Topics to be Discussed
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Types of oils
API grades
SAE grades
ILSAC standards
ACEA specifications
OE specifications
(GM, Ford, BMW etc.)
• What’s new?
Determine Five Things
1. The recommended
oil change interval
2. The recommended
viscosity (SAE rating)
3. The recommended
API and ILSAC rating
4. The vehicle specific
specification of the oil
5. The number of
quarts needed
Remember The Old Days?
• PCMO= passenger
car motor oil
• Most oils were SAE
10W-40 or 10W-30
• Most labels said:
“Meets or exceeds all
car manufacturer
warranty
requirements”
Looks like a good oil … Is it?
Does Not Meet GM and Others
High-Mileage Oil
• Usually higher viscosity
and therefore can not
meet ILSAC GF-5 rating
• Has esters to swell seals
• To be used in engines
with higher than 75,000
miles
• Have higher levels of zinc
that may harm catalytic
converters.
• Does not have the energy
rating of conventional oils
Look for GM, Ford, Chrysler, Honda and other
manufacturers specifications on label
Meets Ford and Chrysler but not GM.
Why not?
Do you think that all “quickie” oil change places use exactly the correct oil
for each vehicle? What about a warranty claim?
Brands
• Mobil 1 is the only
synthetic that is
used by the vehicle
manufacturers (GM,
Mercedes etc.)
• May be sold under
other brand names
• Use oil from a
known brand
API Service Symbol
• Oils designed for vehicles
with gasoline engines fall
under API’s “S” (Service)
categories. (Spark)
• Engine oils designed for
vehicles with diesel
engines fall under API’s
“C” (Commercial)
categories.
(Compression)
API Ratings
Gasoline Engine Ratings
• SA-SH= obsolete ratings
• SJ-2001 and older
• SM-2010 and older
• SN- 2011+
Diesel Engine Ratings
• CA-CC=obsolete
• Current ratings = CH-4;
CI-4 and CJ-4 (low ash)
(2007+ Engines using ULSD)
• API “Donut”
• Visit: www.api.org
API GROUPS
• Group I ($)- Solvent refined
(Older technology)(Brad Penn)
• Group II ($$)- Hydrocracked(most oils)
• Group III ($$$) - Hydrogenated
(hydroisomerized) synthetic
compounds (hydrowaxed)
(Castrol Syntec/EDGE)
(In 1999 ruled a synthetic)
• Group IV ($$$$) Polyalphaolefin (PAO),
(synthetic) Mobil 1
• Group V($$$$$)-Esters
(synthetic) Royal Purple and
Redline
ILSAC Ratings
ILSAC=International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee
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GF-1-First used in 1993
GF-2-Updated in 1997
GF-3-Updated in 2000
GF-4-Updated in 2004
GF-5-Updated in 2011
• “Star Burst” is always on the front of
the container.
• GF means gasoline fueled engines
• Star Burst indicates that the oil is of
a good quality and meets the GF
rating.
• Usually only 0W, 5W and 10W oils
will have this symbol.
What’s Falling?
• The viscosity is falling
• The sky is NOT falling
Viscosity
• Viscosity is a lubricant’s
resistance
to flow.
• The viscosity is normally
given in:
– cSt (centistokes) or
mm²/second
– measure of kinematic
viscosity
Viscosity is the main factor
which influences the efficiency
of lubrication
© epc graphics
Viscosity Measurement
• SAE J300
• Measured by timing oil flow
through a calibrated orifice
@ 40°C (104° F) and
different size orifice for
100°C (212° F)
40°C or
100 °C
Calibrated
orifice
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity
• Viscosity of a
fluid is a function
of temperature
200
KINEMATIC VIS COS ITY c S t
• Viscosity is a
measure of a
fluid’s resistance
to flow (“how
thick it is”)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
50
TEMP ERATURE (C)
100
The oil gets thinner as it gets hotter!!!)
Viscosity Index Improvers
VI Improvers - Are polymers (very large
molecules) which inhibit the oil from thinning
out at high temperatures
In the Cold
With Heat
Uncoiling counteracts the normal thinning of oil
VI Improver
Multigrade Oils
Viscosity
THICK
SAE 40
SAE 10W40
SAE 10W
THIN
-18
100
Temperature (°C)
SAE Grades
COLD
• SAE = Society of
Automotive Engineers
-22OF
(WINTER)
HOT
212OF
• 5W = The “W” means
winter and the oil is tested
at low temperatures
depending on the viscosity
such as -30°C (-22°F)
• SAE 5W-30 = The “30” is
the viscosity measured at
100° C (212° F)
THE “W” DOES NOT STAND FOR “WEIGHT”
Engine Oil Usage in USA
Do customers know?
Do service technicians know?
• SAE=? (Society of Automotive
Engineers)
• API=? (American Petroleum
Institute)
• ILSAC=? (International
Lubricant Standardization and
Approval Committee)
• ACEA=? (Association des
Contructeurs European d’Automobiles)
Scary Story
• New car (hybrid); FREE first oil
change
• Dealer used SAE 10W-30
(specified SAE 0W-20 in owner’s manual)
• Service manager said that it
was OK to use because it does
not get that cold in Ohio.??
• Service manager finally said
that he was not reimbursed for
the more expensive oil
ACEA Gasoline Ratings
Association des Contructeurs European d’Automobiles
• A1-Low friction; low
viscosity
• A2-General use with
regular oil changes
• A3-High performance
and/or extended oil
change intervals
• A4-For gasoline directinjected engines
• A5-Low friction; low
viscosity; extended oil
change intervals
ACEA Diesel Ratings
• B1-Low viscosity passenger
vehicle indirect-injected diesel
engines
• B2- Passenger vehicle
indirect-injected diesel engine.
Low viscosity.
• B3-High performance indirectinjected diesel engines;
extended oil change interval
• B4-Direct-injected diesel
engines
• B5-Low viscosity and extended
oil change interval
ACEA Combined Ratings
• A1/B1-Low HTHS, semisynthetic
• A3/B3-High HTHS; Mineral
or semi-synthetic
• A4/B4-High HTHS;
synthetic
• A5/B5-Low HTHS, High
fuel economy additives;
extended oil change
intervals; synthetic
HTHS =High Temperature/
High Shear rate viscosity
(ASTM D-4683)
ACEA “C” ratings
“C” = rating are catalytic
converter compatible oils
• C1- Basically an A5/B5 oil with
low SAPS, Low HTHS.
• C2- A5/B5 with low HTHS and
mid level SAPS
• C3- A3/B4 (meets 229.3) with
high HTHS and mid level
SAPS
• C4- Low SAPS; High HTHS
SAPS = Sulfated Ash,
Phosphorous and Sulfur
HTHS =High Temperature/ High
Shear rate viscosity
Asian Vehicle Specifications
Most Asian brand vehicle
manufactures only require
SAE, API and ILSAC.
These vehicles include:
• Acura/Honda
• Toyota/Lexus/Scion
• Kia
• Hyundai
• Nissan/Infiniti
• Mitsubishi
• Mazda
• Suzuki
Typical Viscosities
• Most newer vehicle
manufacturers
specify:
SAE 0W-20, SAE
5W-20 or SAE 5W-30
• Most hybrid electric
vehicles (HEVs)
specify SAE 0W-20 or
SAE 5W-20
Vehicle OE Specifications
• BMW-Long Life (LL-98;
LL-01; LL-04)
• Requires the dealer-level
scan tool to run all the
auxiliary oil pumps.
• Note: The filter is located
behind the splash shield in the
left front wheel housing. The
capacity is 8 liters of BMW
synthetic SAE 10W-60 oil.
(cost of an oil change could be
$300.00+)
General Motors
• General MotorsGM 6094M (many GM
vehicles); GM 4718
(synthetic- Corvette)
dexos 1 (Gasoline
engines-2011+)Due to be
updated in 2016
dexos 2 (Diesel
engines-2011+)
Now in SAE 5W-30; SAE 5W-20 and SAE
0W-20
Visit : www.gmdexos.com
OE Specifications-continued
FordWSS-M2C153-H;(SAE 5W-20
GF-3)
WSS-M2C929-A (SAE 5W-30;
4.0 Liter; 2.0 Liter)
WSS-M2C930-A (SAE 5W-20;
GF-4
WSS-M2C931-A or B (SAE 5W50)
WSS-M2C931-B (SAE 5W-40)
WSS-M2C934-A (SAE 5W-30)
WSS-M2C934-B (SAE 5W-20)
OE Specifications-continued
• Chrysler• MS-6395 (SAE 0W-20 or 5W-20)
• MS-10725
MS-10850 (228.31) (Mercedes
engines)
MS-12633 (SAE 0W-40)
MS-12991 (Fiat Engines)
MS-12996 (replaces MS10896)
MS= Material Standard
• Honda-HTO-06 (Mobil 1 for
Acura RDX turbo only)
OE Specifications-continued
Mercedes229.1 -Super high performance
diesel-(SHPD)
229.3-SHPD extended drain
229.3-gas and diesel; extended drain
229.31- gas and diesel low ash (LA)
229.5- long life (LL)
229.51-low ash and LL
OE Specifications-continued
VW/AudiGasoline engines:
502.00; 505.00; 505.01;
503; 503.01; 505
Diesel engines:
506 ;506.1; 507
What is different with
European ratings?
• Usually very high viscosity
index (VI) often requiring SAE
10W-50 or 5W-40
• Extended oil change
interval=robust additive
package - 30,000 km (18,000
mile) or every two years oil
change interval!
• Low SAPS (Sulfated Ash,
Phosphorous and Sulfur)
• Higher HTHS (High
Temperature/ High Shear rate
viscosity)
Case Study
• 2003 VW Passat with a
1.8 liter turbocharged four
cylinder that had been
using API approved oil
instead of VW 502 oil
developed serious oil
gelling problems
•
Some similar vehicle
engines have seized
Motorcycle Oil
• Be sure to use oil
designed for use in
motorcycles
1. Higher level of
ZDDP
2. Broader viscosity
range (usually
SAE 10W-40 or SAE
20W-50)
3. Often designed to
work with a wet clutch
Why is Friction Reduced?
Fluid
Molecules
There is less “friction” between fluid molecules
moving over each other than between the two
surfaces moving across each other.
Connecting Rod Example
The formation of an oil wedge in a plain bearing
Metal-to-metal contact
Oil wedge supports load
SYNTHETIC OILS
MINERAL OILS
C10H20
C10H20
C10H20
Small molecules
HH HH S
H-C-C-C-C-C-H
HO HN H
vaporize at high temp
C10H20
Impurities oxidize
All molecules same size
Large Molecules thicken at low temp
Additives Improve the Base Oil
• Viscosity Index (VI) improver
– modifies the viscosity of the base fluid
so that it changes less as the
temperature rises allows the lubricant
to operate over a wider temperature
range
• Pour point depressant
– keeps the lubricant flowing at low
temperatures
• Antifoam
– foam reduces the effectiveness of a
lubricant
– antifoams reduce/stop foaming when
the lubricant is agitated or aerated
Additives Protect the Base Oil
• Antioxidants
– slow down the breakdown of the
base fluid caused by oxygen (air)
and heat
– oxidation is the main cause of
lubricant degradation in service
• Oxidation of the base fluid
causes:
– acid formation (corrosion)
– sludges, varnishes (blockages)
• Life of a lubricant in laboratory
oxidation tests is often used to give an
indication of service life
Oxidation
Additives Protect the Engine
• Rust inhibitor
– inhibits the action of water on
ferrous metals (e.g. mild steel)
• Corrosion inhibitor
– protects non-ferrous metals
(e.g. copper)
• Anti-wear additive
– forms a protective layer on metal
surfaces to reduce friction and prevent
wear when no lubricant film is present
such as ZDDP.
• Extreme pressure additive
– as for anti-wear additive but
functioning only when heavy loads
and temperatures are encountered
Roller
bearing
wear
Gear tooth
wear
ZDDP
• The phosphorous content of ZDDP=
Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphates (commonly called zinc and/or
phosphorous or ZDP)
Engine Oil
API SJ
API SL
API SM/SN
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Date
1997-2001
2001-2003
2004-current
Zinc in Parts Per Million (PPM)
1,200
1,000
800
API ratings do not specify the zinc content, just oil performance
What About Older Engines?
• If flat-bottom (nonroller) lifters are
used then a ZDDP
additive may be
needed during
break-in.
• However, it is best
to use a special
break-in oil
How Much Zinc is Needed?
• Shell Rotella T 15W-40 ( API CJ-4) has about 1200 ppm
zinc. This is 50% more zinc than current engine oils (API
SM, GF-4) which contain about 800 ppm zinc
G-Oil
• Made from “cow parts”
• Biodegradability as per
determined by ASTM
Standards (2.1 ASTM D5864)
• Originally designed for
outboard motor oil
• Biodegrades in less than
three days
• API rated
• ILSAC rated
• www.getg.com
Oil Made from Natural Gas
• Called “gas-to-liquid”
(GTL) technology
• Currently being made
using the Shell trademark
method called Pure Plus
• Sold under the trade
names of Pennzoil
Platinum and Ultra
Platinum
• Formulated to Group III+
(synthetic) specification
What is Coming?
• Coming in late 2016 or early
2017 will be SAE 0W-16 and
SAE 5W-16.
• The “16” was selected as to
not be confused by using 15.
• Driven by Honda for fuel
economy reasons
• NOT backward compatible
(only for 2017 and newer
vehicles)
• SAE 8 and 12 are now SAE
approved. SAE 4 and negative
numbers being discussed
ILSAC GF-6
Due out in 2016 or early
2017.
Two formulations:
• GF-6A- backward
compatible for older
vehicles
• GF-6B-Not backward
compatible (for use
with SAE 0W-16)
GF-6 Improvements
•
Increased fuel economy. Viscosity
maintained throughout the oil change
interval.
•
Enhanced oil robustness. To ensure
acceptable engine oil performance due
to service requirements, fuel
availability (E10, E15, E85), and
emissions.
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Protection against “low-speed engine
pre-ignition” (LSPi). LSPI that is
attributed to engine oil.
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Adequate wear protection for
frequently started engines. Needed for
start/stop systems.
New Diesel Oils
• CK-4 will replace CJ-4 in
2017.
• Will be backward
compatible with earlier
API categories
• SAE 10W-30 likely with
HTHS labeled “H” with
the viscosity
• (Non-fuel economy
grade)
New Diesel Oil
• API FA-4 will NOT be
backward compatible
• Lower HTHS -Letter “L” in
the viscosity (Fuel
economy grade).
• Will require the use of a
Group IV oil (PAO) to
meet specs.
Oil Additives?
• DON’T USE THEM!
• Most, if not all oil experts,
warn about adding
anything to the oil.
• Vehicle manufactures
warn not to add any
additives to the oil.
• Most are friction reducers
• Use an oil that meets the
needs instead.
The “3,000 Mile Myth”
• California’s 3,000 mile
myth program was
started because research
showed that 73% of
California drivers change
their oil more frequently
than recommended by
the vehicle manufacturer
• General Motors has
joined the campaign.
Oil Life Monitor (OLM)
• Algorithm – Computer
programs contain
algorithms that has
instructions a computer
should perform
• Mileage (3,750-7,500
miles) (usually every
5,000 miles)
• Capacitance sensor
(measures the oil)
GM Oil Life Monitor
GMOLS (GM Oil Life System)
SCAN TOOL DATA STREAM SHOWING OIL INFORMATION
Engine Hours vs. Miles
• Usually not an issue
with many oil life
monitoring systems
but it can be.
• Most experts figure
one hour is equal to
about 25 miles of
driving.
• 369.9 hours is
therefore equal to
about 9,250 miles
Case Study
• 2007 Dodge Durango 5.7 liter
Hemi with MDS (multiple
displacement system)
• Oil change using SAE 10W-30
• Check engine light came on
and stored P0521 DTC stored
• DTC Description=Oil pressure
not reaching specified at 1,250
RPM
• Changed to specified SAE 5W20; cleared DTC ; now no DTC
during operation.
• Using the incorrect oil can also
cause a P0300 DTC (random
misfire detected)
Testing Oil
• Oil sample to lab
for analysis
• For example:
• Blackstone
Laboratories$25.00
www.blackstonelabs.com
Oil Test Results
• Spectral Exam: Establishes the levels of wear metals,
silicon, and additives present in the oil. Also checks for
coolant.
Note: Silicon = dirt; not sealer
• Viscosity: Determines the grade of oil.
• Insolubles: Quantifies the percentage of solids present in
the oil.
• Flash Point: Determines the flash point of the oil to
determine whether any contamination is present in the oil
(such as fuel)
Understanding the Lab Report
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Aluminum: Pistons, bearings, cases (heads & blocks)
Iron: Cylinders, rotating shafts, the valve train, and any steel part
Copper: Brass or bronze parts, copper bushings, bearings, oil coolers
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Lead: Bearings
Tin: Bearings, bronze parts, piston coatings
Silicon: Airborne dirt, antifreeze inhibitors
Sodium: Antifreeze inhibitors, additive in some gasoline engine oils.
Calcium: Detergent/dispersant additive
Magnesium: Detergent/dispersant additive
Oil Related Faults
• Gelling and sludge:
– Usually caused by
extended oil change
intervals
– Can be caused by
coolant in the oil
– Engine design or
cooling system fault
that causes a lot of
heat to be in the
cylinder which bakes
the oil
Improper operation of the PCV system can
also cause engine sludge (gelling).
Watch Out for…
• Recommended for use
where.....
• May be used where the
following specifications
apply.....
• Racing/Track formula - What
does this mean?
• “Synthetic blend" – Which
synthetic? (Usually Group III).
How much synthetic?(Can be
5% to 30%)
Sample- not API approved
Good Oil Label
Please do the following:
• Check the oil level BEFORE changing the
oil and document the work order
(IMPORTANT) WHY?
• Check and use the oil specified by the
vehicle manufacturer
• Recommend that the oil be changed
according to the specified distance/time
interval
• Check that the oil level is correct
• Reset the oil monitor light.
Ultrasonic Oil Level Sensor
• Jaguar since 2010 uses
an ultrasonic oil level
sensor. It uses sound
waves that bounce off the
oil surface and then
displays the oil level.
• To check the oil level:
Scroll through trip settings
using the trip button on the
end of the turn signal stalk
Oil light Reset Procedures
• Go to
www.jameshalderman.com
for the chart that shows how
to reset the light for all
vehicles. FREE
Click on “Jim’s Stuff” then
look under “favorites”
Always wear PPE
Frequently Asked Questions
• Question: Can you go back to using
conventional oil after using synthetic?
• Answer: Yes. All oil is miscible
meaning that it can be mixed.
Frequently Asked Questions
• Question: Do I have to break in a new
engine on mineral oil before switching to
synthetic oil?
• Answer: Synthetic oil (Mobil 1) is used by
many vehicle manufacturers in new
vehicles. Many experts advise keeping
mineral oil for the first 5,000 miles.
Summary
1. Determine five things: Oil change interval; viscosity; API and ILSAC
rating, OE specification and number of quarts needed.
2. Most oil is Group II and synthetic can be Group III, IV or V
3. ACEA specifications for European vehicles differ from API
specifications.
4. Vehicle manufactures require special oils and publish their own
specifications such as GM dexos.
5. Most Asian vehicles can use ILSCA and API-rated oils of the
specified viscosity.
6. Special oils include those made from animal parts and natural gas
7. Always check the level of the oil before hoisting the vehicle and
record the results.
Information
Go to www.Mobil1.com and search for
“chart”.
• www.gf-5.com for information on the ILSAC
GF-5 rating plus other good oil information
• For copy of this Power Point, go to
www.jameshalderman.com click on “Jim’s Stuff ”,
then “Conference Power Points”
(right-click then select “save target as” to save to your
computer)
Contact Information
Jim Halderman:
[email protected]