Transcript Engine Oils

Engine Oil Update
Jim Halderman
Introduction: Jim Halderman
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Former flat-rate technician and
college instructor
Author of many automotive
books and lives in Dayton,
Ohio.

www.jameshalderman.com

[email protected]
Topics to be Discussed
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Types of oils
API grades
SAE grades
ILSAC standards
ACEA specifications
OE specifications
(GM, Ford, BMW etc.)
• What’s new?
Determine Four Things
1. The recommended
oil change interval
2. The recommended
viscosity (SAE rating)
3. The recommended
API and ILSAC rating
4. The vehicle specific
specification of the oil
Looks like a good oil … Is it?
Does Not Meet GM and Others
High-Mileage Oil
• Usually higher viscosity
and therefore can not
meet ILSAC GF-5 rating
• Has esters to swell seals
• To be used in engines
with higher than 75,000
miles
• Have higher levels of zinc
that may harm catalytic
converters.
• Does not have the energy
rating of conventional oils
Look for GM, Ford, Chrysler, Honda and other
manufacturers specifications on label
Meets Ford and Chrysler but not GM.
Why not?
Do you think that all “quickie” oil change places use exactly the correct oil
for each vehicle? What about a warranty claim?
API Service Symbol
• Oils designed for cars, vans, and light
trucks with gasoline engines fall under
API’s “S” (Service) categories.
• Engine oils designed for heavy duty trucks
and vehicles with diesel engines fall under
API’s “C” (Commercial) categories.
API Ratings
Gasoline Engine Ratings
• SA-SH= obsolete ratings
• SJ-2001 and older
• SM-2010 and older
• SN -October, 2010
Diesel Engine Ratings
• CA-CC=obsolete
• Current ratings = CH-4;
CI-4 and CJ-4 (low ash)
(2007+ Engines using ULSD)
• API “Donut”
• Visit: www.api.org
API GROUPS
• Group I- Solvent refined (Older
technology)
• Group II- Hydrocracked- (most
oils)
• Group III- Further hydrowaxed
(Castrol Syntec/EDGE)- In 1999
ruled a synthetic
• Group IV-Polyalphaolefin
(PAO), (synthetic) Mobil 1
• Group V-Esters (synthetic)
Royal Purple and Redline
ILSAC Ratings
ILSAC=International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee
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GF-1-First used in 1993
GF-2-Updated in 1997
GF-3-Updated in 2000
GF-4-Updated in 2004
GF-5-Updated in 2011
• “Star Burst” is always on the front of
the container.
• GF means gasoline fueled engines
• Star Burst indicates that the oil is of
a good quality and meets the GF
rating. Usually only 0W, 5W and
10W oils will have this symbol.
What’s Falling?
• The viscosity is falling
• The sky is NOT falling
Viscosity
• Viscosity is a lubricant’s
resistance
to flow.
• The viscosity of an industrial
lubricant is normally given in:
– cSt (centistokes) or
mm²/second
– measure of kinematic
viscosity
Viscosity is the main feature
which influences the efficiency
of lubrication
© epc graphics
Viscosity Measurement
40°C or
Measured by timing oil flow
through a calibrated orifice
@ 40°C (104° F) and/or
100°C (212° F)
Calibrated
orifice
100 °C
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity
• Viscosity of a
fluid is a function
of temperature
200
KINEMATIC VIS COS ITY c S t
• Viscosity is a
measure of a
fluid’s resistance
to flow (“how
thick it is”)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
50
TEMP ERATURE (C)
100
The oil gets thinner as it gets hotter!!!)
Viscosity Index Improvers
VI Improvers - Are polymers (very large
molecules) which inhibit the oil from thinning
out at high temperatures
In the Cold
With Heat
Uncoiling counteracts the normal thinning of oil
VI Improver
Multigrade Oils
Viscosity
THICK
SAE 40
SAE 10W40
SAE 10W
THIN
-18
100
Temperature (°C)
SAE Grades
COLD
• SAE = Society of
Automotive Engineers
-22OF
(WINTER)
HOT
212OF
• 5W = The “W” means
winter and the oil is tested
at low temperatures
depending on the viscosity
such as -30°C (-22°F)
• SAE 5W-30 = The “30” is
the viscosity measured at
100° C (212° F)
THE “W” DOES NOT STAND FOR “WEIGHT”
Do customers know?
Do service technicians know?
• SAE=? (Society of Automotive
Engineers)
• API=? (American Petroleum
Institute)
• ILSAC=? (International
Lubricant Standardization and
Approval Committee)
• ACEA=? (Association des
Contructeurs European d’Automobiles)
Scary Story
• New car (hybrid); FREE first oil change
• Dealer used SAE 10W-30
(specified SAE 0W-20 in owner’s manual)
• When talking to service manager he said
that it was OK to use because it does not
get that cold in Ohio.??
• Service manager finally said that he was
not reimbursed for the more expensive oil
ACEA Gasoline Ratings
Association des Contructeurs European d’Automobiles
• A1-Low friction; low
viscosity
• A2-General use with
regular oil changes
• A3-High performance
and/or extended oil
change intervals
• A4-For gasoline directinjected engines
• A5-Low friction; low
viscosity; extended oil
change intervals
ACEA Diesel Ratings
• B1-Low viscosity passenger
vehicle indirect-injected diesel
engines
• B2- Passenger vehicle
indirect-injected diesel engine.
Low viscosity.
• B3-High performance indirectinjected diesel engines;
extended oil change interval
• B4-Direct-injected diesel
engines
• B5-Low viscosity and extended
oil change interval
ACEA Combined Ratings
• A1/B1-Low HTHS, semisynthetic
• A3/B3-High HTHS; Mineral
or semi-synthetic
• A4/B4-High HTHS;
synthetic
• A5/B5-Low HTHS, High
fuel economy additives;
extended oil change
intervals; synthetic
HTHS =High Temperature/
High Shear rate viscosity
(ASTM D-4683)
ACEA “C” ratings
“C” = rating are catalytic converter compatible oils
• C1- Basically an A5/B5 oil with low SAPS, Low
HTHS.
• C2- A5/B5 with low HTHS and mid level SAPS
• C3- A3/B4 (meets 229.3) with high HTHS and
mid level SAPS
• C4- Low SAPS; High HTHS
SAPS = Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfur
HTHS =High Temperature/ High Shear rate viscosity
Asian Vehicle Specifications
Most Asian brand vehicle manufactures do not specify any
specifications other than SAE, API and ILSAC.
These vehicles include:
• Acura/Honda
• Toyota/Lexus/Scion
• Kia
• Hyundai
• Nissan/Infiniti
• Mitsubishi
• Mazda
• Suzuki
Typical Viscosities
• Most newer vehicle manufacturers specify:
SAE 0W-20, SAE 5W-20 or SAE 5W-30
• Most hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
specify SAE 0W-20 or SAE 5W-20
Vehicle OE Specifications
• BMW-Long Life (LL-98; LL-01; LL-04)
• Changing the oil requires the dealer
Service Computer to run all the auxiliary
oil pumps.
• Note: The filter is located behind the
splash shield in the left front wheel
housing. The capacity is 8 liters of BMW
synthetic SAE 10W-60 oil.
(AVERAGE COST OF AN OIL CHANGE = $200.00)
General Motors
• General MotorsGM 6094M (many GM
vehicles); GM 4718
(synthetic- Corvette)
dexos 1 (Gasoline
engines-2011+)
dexos 2 (Diesel
engines-2011+)
Now in SAE 5W-30; SAE
5W-20 and SAE 0W-20
OE Specifications-continued
FordWSS-M2C153-H;(SAE 5W-20
GF-3)
WSS-M2C929-A (SAE 5W-30;
4.0 Liter; 2.0 Liter)
WSS-M2C930-A (SAE 5W-20;
GF-4
WSS-M2C931-A or B (SAE 5W50)
WSS-M2C931-B (SAE 5W-40)
WSS-M2C934-A (SAE 5W-30)
WSS-M2C934-B (SAE 5W-20)
OE Specifications-continued
• Chrysler-MS-6395
(2005+ vehicles);
MS-10725 (older than
2005)
MS= Material Standard
• Honda-HTO-06 (Mobil
1 for Acura RDX turbo
only)
OE Specifications-continued
Mercedes229.1 -Super high performance
diesel-(SHPD)
229.3-SHPD extended drain
229.3-gas and diesel; extended drain
229.31- gas and diesel low ash (LA)
229.5- long life (LL)
229.51-low ash and LL
OE Specifications-continued
VW/AudiGasoline engines:
502.00; 505.00; 505.01;
503; 503.01; 505
Diesel engines:
506 ;506.1; 507
What is different with
European ratings?
• Usually very high viscosity index (VI)
meaning that the SAE grade is broad;
often requiring SAE 10W-50 or 5W-40
• Extended oil change intervals requiring a
robust additive package - 30,000 km (18,000
mile) oil change interval!
• Low SAPS (Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfur)
• Higher HTHS (High Temperature/ High Shear rate
viscosity)
Case Study
• 2003 VW Passat with a
1.8 liter turbocharged four
cylinder that had been
using API approved oil
instead of VW 502 oil
developed serious oil
gelling problems
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Some similar vehicle
engines have seized
Motorcycle Oil
• Be sure to use oil designed for use in
motorcycles which usually has the
following characteristics
1. Higher level of ZDDP
2. Broader viscosity range (usually
SAE 10W-40 or SAE 20W-50)
3. Often designed to work with a wet
clutch
Why is Friction Reduced?
Fluid
Molecules
There is less “friction” between fluid molecules
moving over each other than between the two
surfaces moving across each other.
Connecting Rod Example
The formation of an oil wedge in a plain bearing
Metal-to-metal contact
Oil wedge supports load
SYNTHETIC OILS
MINERAL OILS
C10H20
C10H20
C10H20
Small molecules
HH HH S
H-C-C-C-C-C-H
HO HN H
vaporize at high temp
C10H20
Impurities oxidize
All molecules same size
Large Molecules thicken at low temp
Additives Improve the Base Oil
• Viscosity Index (VI) improver
– modifies the viscosity of the base fluid
so that it changes less as the
temperature rises allows the lubricant
to operate over a wider temperature
range
• Pour point depressant
– keeps the lubricant flowing at low
temperatures
• Antifoam
– foam reduces the effectiveness of a
lubricant
– antifoams reduce/stop foaming when
the lubricant is agitated or aerated
Additives Protect the Base Oil
• Antioxidants
– slow down the breakdown of the
base fluid caused by oxygen (air)
and heat
– oxidation is the main cause of
lubricant degradation in service
• Oxidation of the base fluid
causes:
– acid formation (corrosion)
– sludges, varnishes (blockages)
• Life of a lubricant in laboratory
oxidation tests is often used to give an
indication of service life
Oxidation
Additives Protect the Engine
• Rust inhibitor
– inhibits the action of water on
ferrous metals (e.g. mild steel)
• Corrosion inhibitor
– protects non-ferrous metals
(e.g. copper)
• Anti-wear additive
– forms a protective layer on metal
surfaces to reduce friction and prevent
wear when no lubricant film is present
such as ZDDP.
• Extreme pressure additive
– as for anti-wear additive but
functioning only when heavy loads
and temperatures are encountered
Roller
bearing
wear
Gear tooth
wear
ZDDP
• The phosphorous content of ZDDP=
Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphates (commonly called zinc and/or
phosphorous or ZDP)
• Engine oil had about 1200 ppm zinc prior to 2001
• In 2001 the zinc was reduced to 1000 ppm and in 2005 reduced
again to the current 800 ppm
• These are typical zinc levels; API ratings do not specify the zinc
content, just oil performance
What About Older Engines?
If flat-bottom (nonroller) lifters are used
then a ZDDP
additive may be
needed during breakin.
However, it is best to
use a special breakin oil
How much zinc is needed?
• Shell Rotella T 15W-40 ( API CJ-4) has about 1200 ppm
zinc. This is 50% more zinc than current engine oils (API
SM, GF-4) which contain about 800 ppm zinc
G-Oil
• Made from “cow parts”
• Ultimate Biodegradable is
the highest
biodegradability ranking
determined by ASTM
Standards (2.1 ASTM D5864)”
• API rated
• ILSAC rated
• www.getg.com
Oil made from natural gas
• Called “gas-to-liquid”
(GTL) technology
• Currently being made
using the Shell trademark
method called Pure Plus
• Sold under the trade
names of Pennzoil
Platinum and Ultra
Platinum
• Formulated to Group III
(synthetic) specification
What is coming?
• Coming in late 2016 or early 2017 will be
SAE 0W-16 and SAE 5W-16.
• The “16” was selected as to not be confused by
using 15 where some people may think it means
SAE 15W-40.
• Driven by Honda for fuel economy reasons
• NOT backward compatible (only for 2017 and newer
vehicles)
• SAE 4, 8 and 12 are being discussed
ILSAC GF-6
GF-6 is due out in 2016 or early 2017.
Two formulations:
• GF-6A- backward compatible for older
vehicles
• GF-6B-Not backward compatible (for use
with SAE 0W-16)
GF-6 Improvements
• Increased fuel economy. Viscosity maintained throughout the oil
change interval.
• Enhanced oil robustness. To ensure acceptable engine oil
performance due to service requirements, fuel availability (E10, E15,
E85), and emissions.
• Protection against “low-speed engine pre-ignition” (LSPi). LSPI that
is attributed to engine oil.
• Adequate wear protection for frequently started engines. Needed for
start/stop systems.
Oil Additives?
• Don’t USE THEM!
• Most, if not all oil experts,
warn about adding
anything to the oil.
• Vehicle manufactures
warn not to add any
additives to the oil.
• Most are friction reducers
• Use an oil that meets the
needs instead.
The “3,000 Mile Myth”
• California’s 3,000 mile myth program was
started because research showed that
73% of California drivers change their oil
more frequently than recommended by the
vehicle manufacturer
• General Motors has joined the campaign.
Oil Life Monitor
• Algorithm – Computer programs contain
algorithms that specify the specific
instructions a computer should perform (in
a specific order) to carry out a specified
task
• Mileage (3,750-7,500 miles) (usually every
5,000 miles)
• Capacitance sensor (measures the oil)
GM Oil Life Monitor
GMOLS (GM Oil Life System)
SCAN TOOL DATA STREAM SHOWING OIL INFORMATION
Case Study
• 2007 Dodge Durango 5.7 liter
Hemi with MDS (multiple
displacement system)
• Oil change using SAE 10W-30
• Check engine light came on
and stored P0521 DTC stored
• DTC Description=Oil pressure
not reaching specified at 1,250
RPM
• Changed to specified SAE 5W20; cleared DTC ; now no DTC
during operation.
• Using the incorrect oil can also
cause a P0300 DTC (random
misfire detected)
Testing Oil
• Oil sample to lab
for analysis
• For example:
• Blackstone
Laboratories$25.00
www.blackstonelabs.com
Oil Test Results
• Spectral Exam: Establishes the levels of wear metals,
silicon, and additives present in the oil. Also checks for
coolant.
Note: Silicon = dirt; not sealer
• Viscosity: Determines the grade of oil.
• Insolubles: Quantifies the percentage of solids present in
the oil.
• Flash Point: Determines the flash point of the oil to
determine whether any contamination is present in the oil
(such as fuel)
Understanding the Lab Report
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Aluminum: Pistons, bearings, cases (heads & blocks)
Chromium: Rings, a trace element in steel
Iron: Cylinders, rotating shafts, the valve train, and any steel part
Copper: Brass or bronze parts, copper bushings, bearings, oil coolers
Lead: Bearings
Tin: Bearings, bronze parts, piston coatings
Molybdenum: Anti-wear additive, some types of rings
Potassium: Antifreeze inhibitor, additive in some oil types
Boron: Detergent/dispersant additive, antifreeze inhibitors
Silicon: Airborne dirt, antifreeze inhibitors
Sodium: Antifreeze inhibitors, additive in some gasoline engine oils.
Calcium: Detergent/dispersant additive
Magnesium: Detergent/dispersant additive
Oil Related Faults
• Gelling and sludge:
– Usually caused by
extended oil change
intervals
– Can be caused by
coolant in the oil
– Engine design or
cooling system fault
that causes a lot of
heat to be in the
cylinder which bakes
the oil
Improper operation of the PCV system can
also cause engine sludge (gelling).
Oil Related Faults
• 2007 Toyota lawsuit
• Several others facing
similar actions
– Audi
– BMW
– Chrysler
– Saab
– VW
• No recalls
• No admission of fault
Toyota Class-Action
Lawsuit Affected Models
Model
Avalon 6 cyl
Camry 4 cyl
Camry 6 cyl
Years
Affected
1997 - 2002
1997 - 2001
1998 - 2002
Celica 4 cyl
1997 - 1999
Highlander 6
cyl
2001 - 2002
Lexus ES300 1997 - 2002
Lexus RX300
Sienna 6 cyl
Solara 4 cyl
Solara 6 cyl
1999 - 2002
1998 - 2002
1999 - 2001
1999 - 2002
Watch Out for…
• Recommended for use where.....
• May be used where the following
specifications apply.....
• Recommended/Approved by…….??
• Racing/Track formula - What does this
mean?
• “Synthetic blend" – Which synthetic?
(Usually group III). How much
synthetic?(Usually 5%-20%)
Sample- not API approved
Good Oil Label
Please do the following:
• Check the oil level BEFORE
changing the oil and document the
work order (IMPORTANT) WHY?
• Check and use the oil specified by
the vehicle manufacturer
• Recommend that the oil be
changed according to the specified
distance/time interval
• Reset the oil monitor light.
Oil light Reset Procedures
• Go to
www.jameshalderman.com
for the chart that shows how to
reset the light for all
vehicles. FREE
Click on “Jim’s Stuff” then look
under “favorites”
Genie light??>>>>>>>>>>>>
Always wear PPE
Frequently Asked Questions
• Question: Can you go back to using
conventional oil after using synthetic?
• Answer: Yes. All oil is miscible meaning
that it can be mixed.
Frequently Asked Questions
• Question: Do I have to break in a new
engine on mineral oil before switching to
synthetic oil?
• Answer: Synthetic oil (Mobil 1) is used by
many vehicle manufacturers in new
vehicles. Many experts advise keeping
mineral oil for the first 5,000 miles.
Summary
1. Determine four things: Oil change interval; viscosity; API and ILSAC
rating and OE specs.
2. Most oil is Group II and synthetic can be Group III, IV or V
3. ACEA specifications for European vehicles differ from API
specifications.
4. Vehicle manufactures require special oils and publish their own
specifications such as GM dexos.
5. Most Asian vehicles can use ILSCA and API-rated oils of the
specified viscosity.
6. Special oils include those made from animal parts and natural gas
7. Always check the level of the oil before hoisting the vehicle and
record the results.
Information
Go to www.Mobil1.com and search for
“chart”.
• www.gf-5.com for information on the ILSAC
GF-5 rating plus other good oil information
• For copy of this Power Point, go to
www.jameshalderman.com click on “Jim’s Stuff ”,
then “Conference Power Points”
(right-click then select “save target as” to save to your
computer)
Contact Information
Jim Halderman:
[email protected]