Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa

Beginning Greek for Bible Study

Class #3

Review of English Grammar

kai; to; w

=

Exegetical Example

2 Cor. 5:21 – For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the righteousness of God in Him.

to.n mh. gno,nta a`marti,an u`pe.r h`mw/n a`marti,an evpoi,hsen( i[na h`mei/j genw,meqa dikaiosu,nh qeou/ evn auvtw/|Å

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English Cases

The boy hit his ball

   The boy – Subjective case The ball – Objective case His – Possessive case Word order is usually key in identifying English cases

Case

English Cases

Function Example

Subjective Possessive Objective subject

He

took my bat possession He took

my

bat direct object He took my

bat

Gender Inflection

Subjective singular Possessive singular Objective singular Subjective plural Possessive plural Objective plural

Masculine

he his him they their them

Feminine

she her her they their them

Neuter

it its it they their them

English Number & Gender

Number refers to a word being either singular or plural. In English, sometimes this is accomplished by adding an “s” to the end of the word. Other times, the form changes (“man” becomes “men”).

Gender refers to a word as being either masculine, feminine, or neuter.

 Most English nouns do not have gender.

  However, most English pronouns do.

Sometimes, we assign “natural” gender to words.

English Grammar Terms

“Bob threw his green Greek book at the weird teacher.” Noun – a word that stands for someone or something (Bob, book, teacher) Adjective – a word that modifies a noun or pronoun (green, Greek, weird) Preposition – a word that shows the relationship between two other words (at)

English Grammar Terms

Declension – a “pattern” of how words change to reflect their function  Plural Adding “s”   Boy – Boys Girl – Girls Changing a vowel   Man – Men Woman – Women Drop the “y,” add “ies”   Family – families Story – stories  Baby - babies

Nouns - Overview

Case Number Gender Declension

Verbs - Overview

A verb is a word that describes an action or state of being:  Hit  Drive  Study   Think Be – am, is, was

Person Number Tense Voice Aspect Mood

Verbs - Overview

Verbs - Person

There are three “persons” – first, second, and third First person – the person speaking (“I,” “we”) Second person – the person being spoken to (“you,” “ya’ll”) Third person – everything else (“he,” “she,” “it,” “they,” “book,” “coffee,” etc.)

Verbs - Person

She is a nice person.

I am a believer.

He is a baseball player.

This sweet tea is refreshing.

You are a student.

Ya’ll are from Texas.

Verbs - Number

In the English third person, the verb is inflected by adding the letter “s” to the end of the verb.

 I hit the ball.

 You hit the ball.

 He hit s the ball.

Verbs - Agreement

A verb must “agree” with its subject in person and number.

 The class learn Greek.

 The class learns Greek.

 I teaches the class.

 I teach the class.

 There is no tests in Greek class.

 There are no tests in Greek class.

Verbs - Tense

The tense of a verb refers to the TIME when the action of the verb takes place There are three main tenses in English:    Present – I study Past – I studied Past Participle – I studied

Verbs - Tense

Tense

“to swim” “to eat” “to walk” “to read” Present Swim eat ate walk walked read read Past swam Past participle swum eaten walked read

Verbs - Tense

Other tenses in English are built off of these three tenses Usually, a “helping” verb is used to build other tenses:  I WILL swim  I HAVE eaten

Verbs - Voice

Voice refers to the relationship between the verb and its subject. A verb is either active or passive.

  Active – the subject is doing the action – David hit the ball, She studied Greek Passive – the subject is receiving the action – He was hit by the ball – She was justified by Christ

Verbs - Aspect

Aspect refers to the type of action that a verb describes    Continuous – ongoing process - “I am watching TV.” Perfect – completed action with present consequences – “I have studied diligently.” Undefined – says nothing other than that an action occurred – “I enjoy Greek.” Don’t confuse tense with aspect.

Tense

Verbs - Aspect

Continuous Perfect undefined Present active Present passive Past active Past passive I am calling I am being called I was calling I have called I was being called I have been called I call I am called I called I was called

Verbs – Mood

Mood refers to a verb’s relationship to reality   Indicative – statement of fact or reality.

Subjunctive – statement about what

might

happen.

 Imperative - something that is

commanded

.

Clauses & Phrases

A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and verb.

 After Greek class, I am going home.

 When I get home, I am going to bed.

A phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject or indicative verb.

 After Greek class, I am going home.

 Because of the weather, I stayed home.

Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses

A dependent (or subordinate) clause is a clause that cannot grammatically stand on its own. It does not make sense by itself.

  When I get home Because of the weather An independent clause can stand on its own.

   I am going home I am going to bed I am studying Greek

Clauses

Recognizing an independent clause from a dependent clause is ESSENTIAL for understanding the Bible.

The main point of a biblical text is usually in an independent clause, not a dependent clause.

Clauses – Col. 1:28-29

28 - We proclaim Him, admonishing every man and teaching every man with all wisdom, so that we may present every man complete in Christ.

29 - For this purpose also I labor, striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.

Clauses – Col. 1:28-29

We proclaim Him admonishing every man and teaching every man with all wisdom so that we may present every man complete in Christ.

For this purpose also I labor striving according to His power, which mightily works within me.

Clauses – 1 Peter 1:3-5

3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 4 - to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you, 5 - who are protected by the power of God through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

 Coordinating – connect independent clauses (and, but, for, or, so, yet)  The word was with God

and

the word was God.

Be angry

but

do not sin.

Subordinate – begin a dependent clause and often link it to an independent clause (because, since, if, when, where) I am studying

because

I want to do well.

If

we ask anything according to his will, He hears us.

Types of Clauses

Relative – clauses that start with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that)  “the rest of my fellow workers,

whose names are in the book of life

” (Phil. 4:3)  "There is another

who testifies of Me

, and I know

that the testimony which He gives about Me is true

.” (John 5:32)

Types of Phrases

Prepositional Phrase – start with a preposition   “The Greek book is

under the table

.” “I do not receive glory

from men

” (John 5:41) Participial Phrase – begin with a participle (a verb ending in “ing”)   After

doing my Greek homework

, I went to bed.

“You do not have His word

abiding in you

” (John 5:38)

Function of Phrases

Phrases can act as parts of speech    Noun –

Whoever is with me

is not against me.

Adjectival – He

who is not for us

is against us.

Adverbial – Drive

with care

.

Examples

The Light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it.

If we confess our sins, He is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.

Homework

Read chapter 8 Practice identifying parts of speech in your Bible Memorize the alphabet and dipthongs

Advanced Class

Class #3

Greek Nouns

Overview of Greek Nouns

Stem Declension Case Number Gender

Greek Cases

Greek has five cases:      Nominative case – identifies the subject Genitive case – usually indicates possession Dative case – usually identifies the indirect object Accusative case – usually identifies the direct object Vocative case – the case for direct address

Case Inflection

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative

qeo, j Qeo u / qe w /| qeo, n qe e , / qeo, j “God” “of God” “to God” “God” “God,”

The Form of Greek Nouns

Case Endings – a suffix (ending) added to a word which is used to mark the case.

  lo,go

j

logo

u /

Stem – what remains of a Greek noun after you remove the case ending. This is what identifies a word.

  logo qeo

The Form of Greek Nouns

Gender – a noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter. A noun only has one gender that never changes.

 a`martolo,j = sinner (masculine)  a`marti,a = sin (feminine)  Hints: oj – usually masculine on – usually neuter h or a – usually feminine Number – a noun is either singular or plural. This is identified through case endings:   avpo,stoloj = “apostle” avpo,stoloi = “apostles”

The Form of Greek Nouns

Declension – this is the “pattern” of inflection that Greek nouns follow. There are three declensions:   First Declension – noun stem ends in a usually feminine nouns. – grafh, or h Second Declension – noun stem ends in o , usually masculine or neuter nouns. – avpo,stoloj , e;rgon ,  Third Declension – noun stem ends in a consonant.

Lexical form

The form of nouns found in lexicons is the nominative singular   ko,smon – avga,phn – ko,smoj avga,ph

Paradigm chart

2 1 Nom sg Masculine j Acc sg Nom pl Acc pl n i uj n i j Feminine n i j 2 neuter n n a a

Paradigm chart

2 1 Nom sg Masculine o j Acc sg Nom pl Acc pl o n o i o uj h Feminine a h n a i a j a a a n j i 2 neuter o n o n a a

Paradigm chart

2 1 Nom sg Masculine lo,go j Feminine grafh, w-ra Acc sg Nom pl Acc pl lo,go n lo,go i lo,go uj grafh, grafa grafa, i , j n w-ra w-ra w-ra n j i 2 neuter e;rgo n e;rgo n e;rg a e;rg a

Hints

The masculine and feminine case endings are often the same. In the nominative and accusative, the neuter is usually distinct from the masculine.

In the neuter, the nominative and accusative singular are always the same, and the nominative and accusative plural are always the same.

Parsing

When parsing a noun, you need to give:  The case  The number  The gender  The lexical form   The inflected meaning For example, lo,gouj is accusative plural masculine, from lo,goj , meaning “words.”

Noun Rules

1.

2.

3.

Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems ending in omicron are in the second, and consonantal stems are in the third declension.

Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative.

Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural.

The Greek definite article

The definite article is the only article in Greek. There is no indefinite article in Greek (no “a” or “an”).

The article has case, number, and gender. The article always agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.

Paradigm chart

2 1 Nom sg Masculine Feminine o` h` Acc sg Nom pl Acc pl to,n oi` tou,j th,n ai` ta,j 2 neuter to, to, ta, ta,

The importance of the article

Knowing the forms of the article is the key to understanding the forms of nouns in Greek.

 Most nouns take the article, so if you can’t parse the noun, the article will help.

 Most of the case endings on nouns are similar to the article.

Parsing

Homework

Read chapter 7 Re-read chapter 6 if needed Learn the vocabulary words in chapters 4 & 6 Do the exercises in the workbook for chapter 6