Transcript Document

Slide 10.1
Chapter 10
Attractions
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.2
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This Lecture will give you
A review of the nature, purpose, and classification of
attractions;
A discussion of the roles and responsibilities of the public and
private sectors in respect of the development and management
of tourist attractions;
A consideration of all issues associated with the management
of attractions;
An analysis of environmental issues in respect of attractions;
and
An evaluation of strategies that have been developed with a
view to alleviating(decrease) environmental and visitor
impacts of tourism at attractions.
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.3
The Nature and
Purpose of Attractions
• Characteristics of attractions:
– classification is possible along a number of
different dimensions:
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ownership
capacity
market or catchment area
permanency
type
natural
man-made
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.4
Figure 10.1 Clawson’s classification of recreation resources
Source: Adapted from Clawson and Knetsch, 1966; Boniface and Cooper, 1987
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.5
Figure 10.2 Classification of attractions
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.6
The Nature and
Purpose of Attractions
• Natural attractions
– Balance between the quality of the resource and its
location
– Generally fixed in supply
– Limited provision of services
– A question of optimal resource allocation
– Land use decisions required
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.7
The Nature and
Purpose of Attractions
• Natural attractions
– Market failure and public provision
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Periodic use
Conflict between private markets and public goods
Consideration of wider social benefits
Legislation or education to inform behavioural change
– Managing the attraction resource
• Wider context of sustainable tourism development
• Use of ‘park and ride’ and ‘honeypot(flower)’ strategies
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.8
Figure 10.4 Visitor access function
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.9
The Nature and
Purpose of Attractions
• Man-made attractions
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Products of history and culture
Historic buildings
Industrial sites
Speciality retail
Urban regeneration schemes (projects)
Entertainment attractions (theme parks)
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.10
Figure 10.5 The attraction product
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.11
Developing Attractions
• The attraction ‘Imagescape’
– The product concept or creativity of the design and
its appeal
• The attraction-development process
• The market-imagescape mix
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‘Me Too’ attraction development
‘Grand Inspiration’ attractions
‘New Version’ attractions
‘Wonder’ attractions
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.12
Figure 10.6 The development process
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.13
Figure 10.7 The attraction market-imagescape mix
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.14
Managing Attractions
• Conditions for a national strategy
include: (Bu kısmı gözden geçir iyi değil)
– The situation where destabilising effects of a
sudden massive injection of unanticipated
capital into an already saturated market exists;
– Where large, newly-opened projects are
putting established attractions at a significant
disadvantage;
– Instances of major expenditure on other major
urban regeneration projects;
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.15
Managing Attractions (cont’d)
– Situations, where there is a steady decline of
local authority annual revenue funding for
traditional attractions;
– Where the industry structure is one in which
the great majority of attractions are small
businesses;
– Where there is a lack of management
information and where the attractions sector is
populated by more public, rather than private,
attractions.
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Managing Attractions
Seven key components of a national
strategy
Slide 10.16
1. The collection and dissemination(spread) of
effective research on a comparable basis
covering both demand and supply aspects
2. Application of expertise to the analysis and
communication of trends and their
implications in terms that the majority of
smaller attractions will be able to understand
and respond;
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.17
Managing Attractions (cont’d)
3. Advice, and perhaps support, on assessing
quality of visits and providing customer
assurance via benchmarking initiatives;
4. Collection and dissemination of good practice;
5. Co ordination of training and management
development;
6. Greater influence over funding bodies and
government;
7. Influence and advice to public sector bodies.
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.18
Managing Attractions
• Economic Aspects
• Issues of
ownership
– Public ownership
– Voluntary
organisations
– Commercial /
private operators
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
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Costs
Pricing policy
Managing people
Managing
seasonality
• Managing visitors
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Slide 10.19
Figure 10.10 Market orientation
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
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Slide 10.20
Table 10.1 Tourism in relation to the environment
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
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Slide 10.21
Environmental Impacts
• Regulation or market solutions
– The ‘Polluter Pays’ principle
• Attraction authenticity
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors
Slide 10.22
Conclusion
• Attractions are an integral - and important - component of
the tourism product
• Attractions can serve as the sole ‘motivator’ for a visit to a
destination
• For most attractions, a necessary supporting infrastructure
and superstructure is necessary
• Attractions remain the focal point for new visitor
management and control techniques
• Questions remain over who should be responsible for
investing in the development and maintenance of resources
which are enjoyed by so many different groups
Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e
Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors