Transcript The Concept of Socialization in Academic Writing Research
Writing Science –IET 2012
showing your process communicating your results Nancy Lea Eik-Nes Dept. of Language and Communication Studies
Communicating science
• Why do we communicate science?
• To whom do we communicate science?
• How do we communicate science?
One of the challenges
Brief history of learning to write
Three main perspectives: Writing as skills – focus on mistakes Writing as a process – focus on development Writing as a product – focus on genres
History – Writing as skills
surface language, grammar, spelling, punctuation “fix it” approach (fikx itt) (students doesn’t write well anymore) Fix the sentences, not the text.
Writing as a process
generating ideas brainstorming mind mapping free writing writing to learn learning to write drafting giving response receiving response
Sjanger
På formiddagen vind av skiftende retning, som minker utover dagen. Regnbyger, men også gløtt av sol. Mot kvelden, stilt.
Sjanger
Om formiddagen vind av skiftende retning som minker utover dagen.
Regnbyger, men også gløtt av sol.
Mot kvelden, stilt.
Livet
Om formiddagen vind av skiftende retning som minker utover dagen.
Regnbyger, men også gløtt av sol.
Mot kvelden, stilt.
Contents and Structure paragraphs sentences words spelling . ? “ ” Fra: T. L. Hoel, 1995
Tanke blir tekst: Skrivehjelp for Studentar
. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.
I M R A D
I
ntroduction (CARS)
M
aterial and methods
R
esults
A
nd
D
iscussion (Swales, 1990)
Informasjonssøking - DIX0990
A woodchuck/groundhog
I M R A D
I
ntroduction (CARS)
M
aterial and methods
R
esults
A
nd
D
iscussion (Swales, 1990)
Introduction •
Rationale
–
why
is there a problem?
(often with references) •
Purpose
–
what
what you offer the reader
Introduction - Create a research space (CARS)
• Establish a research territory • background • problem • Prepare for present research (establish a niche) • add to ongoing research • indicate a gap in knowledge • raise questions (conflicts) about previous research • Introduce present research • hypothesis • purpose
John Swales (1990)
Material and Methods • Material
who/what is studied selection criteria
• Method
procedure figures* planned analysis
Material and Methods
• Figures may be models diagrams pictures illustrations • Figures should help the reader understand be self-explanatory – with clear captions complement the text (and vice versa)
Results
• “Objective” observations of findings a comprehensive and analytic view of the results point out relevant results • Tables and graphs present a lot of information (numbers) in little space numbers to be explained and interpreted, but NOT repeated in text
Discussion
• What was the purpose of the study?
• Do the findings answer the research question(s)?
• What do the findings mean? • How do they compare with others’ findings? • What are the implications?
• In retrospect: How valid and reliable is the study? What could/should have been done differently.
Abstract – two main kinds
Indicative abstract Proposal for presentation at conference Review article Informative abstract – summary abstract Research article
Abstract – perhaps all the reader sees Summary of the article/report Mini IMRaD
Introduction (why, what) Method Results Discussion (implications)
Abstract Must be clear/informative enough so that
the search engine picks it up the reader can find it the reader can understand what it is about the reader can see if it is worth purchasing
Abstract – informative/summary
• state the primary objective and any hypothesis tested; • describe the research design and your reasons for adopting that methodology; • state the methods and procedures employed, state the main outcomes and results, and • state the conclusions that might be drawn from these data and results, including their implications for further research or application/practice.
http://journalauthors.tandf.co.uk/preparation/index.asp
Abstract – informative/summary
•The abstract must be accurate as a reflection of what is in your report.
•The abstract must be self-contained, without abbreviations, footnotes, or incomplete references. •It must make sense on its own.
I M R A D ?
Title Authors Abstract Key words Introduction (CARS) Material and methods Results And Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements Literature list
Abstract
Summary of the article Mini IMRaD Introduction (why, what) Method Results Discussion (implications)
Material and methods
Subjects or objects - selection criteria People Animals Things Procedure(s) Analysis
John Swales (1990)
When to use references?
• When quoting someone else’s text (word for word) • When paraphrasing someone else’s text • When using a term that or expression that is not your own • When you use someone else’s idea It is better to use too many references than not enough
Why use references?
• So your reader can find your source • To show respect for those who have helped us • To show that we know our field • To avoid plagiarizing (it’s illegal)
Choosing references/sources
• The author is recognized in the field • The topic is significant in your work • The writer/publisher is recognized • The web site is reliable (ownership?)
Annotated bibliography
More than an abstract Description (summary) Critique (assessment) Reflection Keep track of what you have read Head start for review article theory and/background chapter
Annotated bibliography
Description Critique audience use significance value reliability theory Reflection
Reference – Names (APA)
The major difference between IEEE and other styles is that IEEE style encloses citation numbers within the text of a paper in square brackets [1] rather than as superscripts 1 or in bracketed form (Jones, 1998). http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References - names
According to one technical writing expert, even though IEEE is the most difficult style to learn, it is still the most valuable style for aspiring engineers to pick up (Jones, 1998).
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References - names
As Smith (2001), Wesson (2001), and Williams (2002) demonstrate, the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with . . . . As several studies have demonstrated (Smith 2001, Wesson 2001, and Williams 2002), the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with….
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References - numbers
According to one technical writing expert, even though IEEE is the most difficult style to learn, it is still the most valuable style for aspiring engineers to pick up 1 .
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References - numbers
As Smith 1 , Wesson 2 , and Williams computers with . . . . 3 demonstrate, the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to As Smith, Wesson, and Williams demonstrate computers with . . . . 1,2,3 , the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to As demonstrated in several studies . .
1-3 , the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with . . http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References – IEEE
According to one technical writing expert, even though IEEE is the most difficult style to learn, it is still the most valuable style for aspiring engineers to pick up [1].
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References - IEEE
As [1], [2], and [3] demonstrate, the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with . . . " According to [2], current Internet technology is still years behind industry projections. . . " http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
What is the theme (topic) of the paragraph?
In the winter, charter flights from Scandinavia to warm climates are fully booked. In early spring, when it is still too cold to sit outside, you can see many people standing with their face turned towards the sun, their eyes closed and their facial features set in an expression of deep content. In late spring, people strip on the beaches, long before the water is warm enough for swimming.
Topic sentence summarizes the paragraph Scandinavians seem to worship the sun. In the winter, charter flights from Scandinavia to warm climates are fully booked. In early spring, when it is still too cold to sit outside, you can see many people standing with their face turned towards the sun, their eyes closed and their facial features set in an expression of deep content. In late spring, people strip on the beaches, long before the water is warm enough for swimming.
Paragraphs
The importance of a topic sentence
Utility costs for the argon process are 75% greater than for the proposed hydrogen process. This gives the impression that we should choose the hydrogen process. However…
The importance of topic sentences
Utility costs for the argon process are 75% greater than for the proposed hydrogen process. Initial capital cost is $5.4 million, roughly three times the hydrogen process cost.
The importance of topic sentences
However, annual income from the sale of argon, increased ammonia production, and reduced natural gas requirements elsewhere in the plant is 160% higher than that generated by the hydrogen process. Present worth analysis shows that the argon process is the better investment. The present worth of the argon process is $110.25 million. The present worth of the hydrogen process is $4.14 million.
Make every word count
All in all, GIT is more versatile and allows offline development. Since we will be programming on different modules of the program in parallel, the possibility to work with a local repository would be of a great advantage. Also, since one of the group members has a private repository on GitHub, we ended up with using GIT
Be consistent
Use the same words for the same thing. constraints OR limitations
Punctuation
Use a colon (:) before a list When writing, you must consider three things: your reader, your message and yourself.
Do NOT use a semicolon (;)
Punctuation
Use a period (.) to denote decimals 1.300 cm = 13 mm 1,300 cm = 1300 mm 2,352 > 2.352
Punctuation
et al. = and others never use: et. al
angel
Spelling
or angle > costumer customer $ or