Transcript The Concept of Socialization in Academic Writing Research

Writing Science –IEP 2012
showing your process
communicating your results
Nancy Lea Eik-Nes
Dept. of Language and Communication Studies
Contents
and
Structure
paragraphs
sentences
words
spelling
.?“”
Fra: T. L. Hoel, 1995
Tanke blir tekst: Skrivehjelp
for Studentar. Oslo: Det Norske
Samlaget.
IMRAD
Introduction (CARS)
Material and methods
Results
And
Discussion
(Swales, 1990)
IMRAD?
Title
Authors
Abstract
Key words
Introduction (CARS)
Material and methods
Results
And
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Literature list
Titles - tell the reader
• The topic of the study
• The nature of the study
(experiment, survey, case study)
• The scope of the study
(indicate delimitations)
Titles
• Causing a stir in welding circles
• Preliminary Modeling of the Friction Stir
Welding Process
A good title
• makes your article searchable
• makes your article interesting
it is the “face” you present
• follows the guidelines
(constraints – number of words)
Headings
•
highlight the logic of your study
•
keep the readers on the right track
•
reflect the contents of each section
•
provide “signposts” for your reader to navigate
through your paper
Abstract – two main kinds
Indicative abstract
Proposal for presentation at conference
Review article
Informative abstract – summary abstract
Research article
Abstract – perhaps all the reader sees
Summary of the article/report
Mini IMRaD
Introduction (why, what)
Method
Results
Discussion (implications)
Abstract
Must be clear/informative enough so that
the search engine picks it up
the reader can find it
the reader can understand what it is about
the reader can see if it is worth purchasing
Abstract – informative/summary
•The abstract must be accurate as a
reflection of what is in your report.
•The abstract must be self-contained,
without abbreviations, footnotes, or
incomplete references.
•It must make sense on its own.
Abstract
Summary of the article
Mini IMRaD
Introduction (why, what)
Method
Results
Discussion (implications)
References & Citations
Information prominent citation
Redundancy exists on two levels: with respect to (a)
applied wrenches and (b) joint motions. Problems
relating to the former have been fairly well
addressed [7, 10]
Author prominent citation
Goold and Fish (1998) measured the highfrequency signal of a 2120 inch (35L) air-gun array
at a distance of 750 m and found high-frequency
amplitude levels…. Later, Breitzke et al. (2008)
measured the high frequency….
Introduction
• Rationale – why
is there a problem?
(often with references)
• Purpose – what
what you offer the reader
Headings
•
highlight the logic of your study
•
keep the readers on the right track
•
reflect the contents of each section
•
provide “signposts” for your reader to navigate
through your paper
Headings should
•
reflect the content or structure
(“method” “procedure” “models to be tested”)
•
follow the guidelines
generic?
author’s choice?
(questions or statements or generic headings)
•
be balanced – not too many, not too few
Why use references?
• So your reader can find your source
• To show respect for those who have
helped you
• To show that you know your field
• To avoid plagiarizing (it’s illegal)
When to use references?
• When quoting someone else’s text (word for
word)
• When paraphrasing someone else’s text
• When using a term that or expression that is not
your own
• When you use someone else’s idea
It is better to use too many references than not
enough
Choosing references/sources
• The author is recognized in the field
• The topic is significant in your work
• The writer/publisher is recognized
• The web site is reliable (ownership?)
References - names
As Smith (2001), Wesson (2001), and Williams (2002)
demonstrate, the natural course of microprocessor
evolution will likely lead to computers with . . . .
As several studies have demonstrated (Smith 2001,
Wesson 2001, and Williams 2002), the natural
course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to
computers with….
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
Reference – Names (APA)
The major difference between IEEE and other
styles is that IEEE style encloses citation
numbers within the text of a paper in square
brackets [1] rather than as superscripts1 or in
bracketed form (Jones, 1998).
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References - names
According to one technical writing expert, even
though IEEE is the most difficult style to learn, it
is still the most valuable style for aspiring
engineers to pick up (Jones, 1998).
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References - numbers
According to one technical writing expert, even
though IEEE is the most difficult style to learn,
it is still the most valuable style for aspiring
engineers to pick up1.
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References - numbers
As Smith1, Wesson2, and Williams3 demonstrate, the natural
course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to
computers with . . . .
As Smith, Wesson, and Williams demonstrate1,2,3, the natural
course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to
computers with . . . .
As demonstrated in several studies1-3, the natural course of
microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with . .
..
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References – IEEE
According to one technical writing expert,
even though IEEE is the most difficult style to
learn, it is still the most valuable style for
aspiring engineers to pick up [1].
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html
References - IEEE
As [1], [2], and [3] demonstrate, the natural course
of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to
computers with . . . "
According to [2], current Internet technology is still
years behind industry projections. . . "
http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html