Transcript E. Asia & SE Asia

E. ASIA & SE ASIA
JAPAN BECOMES AN ECONOMIC SUPERPOWER
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The end of WW2 meant Japan had to rebuild
Recovery and Economic Miracle
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The Occupation – 2 goals (end militarism, ensure a democratic government)
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Japan’s Armed Forces disbanded & trials held to punish leaders
1946 – a new constitution set up democracy and provided Japan with a
military only for self-defense
Emperor lost all political power
Basic rights protected by constitution and “Diet” (or parliament)
Zaibatsu were weakened, but still used to help rebuild Japan
1952 – treaty ending occupation (bases & protection by US)
Economic Success
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GDP soared as Japan’s economy recovered and thrived
Products exported became Japan’s main economic plan
1970’s –Japan became leader in cars, electronics (high tech)
Competed with US/West
Highly educated, skilled workforce
Workers saved, banks loaned money for further expansion
JAPAN’S BECOMES AN ECONOMIC SUPERPOWER
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Trade and Investment
Japan reliant on trade (few resources)
 Used to manufacture goods for export
 As Japan’s wealth used to invest in foreign ventures
 Japan’s “PROTECTIONIST POLICIES” angered trading partners
 Tariffs and regulations limited foreign imports
 A “TRADE DEFICIT” for most countries dealing with Japan
 US claimed trade barriers deprived other nations of fair trade and
threatened to raise tariffs or reduce trade
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JAPAN BECOMES AN ECONOMIC SUPERPOWER
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Global Interdependence both helped and hurt Japan
Economic and Political Interaction
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Dependence on Oil
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Japan and Its Neighbors
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OPEC’s price hikes really hurt Japan in the 70’s
Japan sought to improve relations with OPEC nations in Middle East
Invested in alternative power (nuclear) and public transportation (to
decrease reliance on oil)
Japan was slow to apologize for atrocities of WW2
Neighbors still angry about how Japan had treated them during war
By 1980’s, Japan was a major investor in economies of China, South Korea
and other nations in the region, linking them economically
1990’s – Japan FINALLY apologizes to various countries
International Politics
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Supported west in military alliances
Recently, Japan has tried to increase aid to nations in need
Japan is an economic power, some believe they need to arm themselves
and become more of military influence as well
JAPAN BECOMES AN ECONOMIC
SUPERPOWER
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Changing Patterns of Life
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Economic Crisis in the 90’s caused Japan to make cuts
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Expensive city living, scarce space (tiny cramped apartments)
Earthquake zone – higher cost to build buildings, infrastructure
 Kobe, Tohoku earthquakes
Women
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Corruption weakened party, many younger broke away
Crowded Cities
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loyalty to co.)
Political Stresses- Dominated by LDP party (coalition gov’t)
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Many workers lost security of life long guaranteed jobs (
Economic equality, but social traditions keep them subordinate
Society doesn’t allow them to lead country or companies
Work Ethic
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Traditionally, family sacrificed for work, security
Money saved to ensure strength of family
Younger generation wants to enjoy their lives more& want benefits of
prosperous society
Older generation worries that work ethic is failing
FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM IN CHINA
After WW2, the civil war between Mao (communist) and
Jiang (nationalist) resumed. Mao wins and Jiang’s
people flee to Taiwan and set up government there
 Communists Control of China (1949 revolution – MAO)
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Reasons for Victory
Mao won support of the people of China (huge peasant population)
 Communists pledged to redistribute land and wealth, improve their lives
 Most hoped Communists would end foreign domination and build a new
and better China
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Reorganizing the Economy
Set out to turn China into a modern society from a backwards one
 Nationalized all business (to build socialism and repair economy)
 5 year plans created to develop agriculture and industry
 Soviets helped them, at first
 Land redistributed, COLLECTIVES created to increase efficiency
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FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM IN CHINA
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Remolding Society
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One party totalitarian state
Communist ideology replace Confucian and traditional
religions
Workers honored, the elite were vilified (attacked, beaten,
imprisoned)
Government attacked crime and corruption
Schools opened, language simplified to make it easier to learn
Politics mixed with education – propaganda
Health care improved for rural areas as aid workers sent out to
aid peasants
Changes for Women
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Women won equality, expected to work along side men
State run nurseries were set up to care for children, weakening
family bonds
Women still responsible for home duties as well
FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM IN CHINA
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Many reforms DID improve the lives of peasants, but at
a very heavy cost
 Economic
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Disasters
The Great Leap Forward
1958 – Mao created program to increase agricultural output
 COMMUNES created to increase efficiency
 Several villages, thousands of acres in a commune
 Own school, factories, housing, dining halls
 Each commune had a quota to meet
 A dismal failure
 Low-quality, useless items produced
 Communes did not meet quotas, due to weather, low output
 Famine followed – up to 30 million died of starvation
 China will turn, eventually, to more moderate politics
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FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM IN CHINA
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The Cultural Revolution
1966 – Mao launched “Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution”
 Goal to purge “bourgeois” or nonrevolutionary tendencies
 Teens formed RED GUARDS using the “Little Red Book”
 Attacked all they claimed were counterrevolutionaries
 Targeted people in authority (party leaders, teacher,
managers, writers, artists, etc)
 Schools and Factories closed, the economy slowed even
more, unrest
 Mao had the Red Army restore order
 Red Guards sent to communes, undereducated & cut off
from family, they became known as the “lost generation”
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FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM IN CHINA
US continued to support Jiang/Taiwan
 China and the Cold War
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Relations With the United States
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US refused to recognize the new government of China
US tried for years to isolate China
1971 – China gained entrance into the UN
1972 – US President Richard Nixon visited China and set up formal
relations between the 2 great nations
Split with the Soviet Union
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USSR and China uneasy allies
USSR sent aid, expertise to China to help them modernize
Leaders had VERY DIFFERENT ideas on major issues
 Mao – adapted Marxism to the Chinese conditions
 Stalin – disagreed with Mao’s interpretations
USSR/China competed for influence among developing nations
Border disputes increased tensions between the two
1960 USSR withdrew aid and advisors
FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM IN CHINA
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Mao will die in 1976
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Many saw his leadership as disastrous for China, others revered him as the
Great Leader
More moderate leaders will follow and bring China back to a world power
Reform and Repression (new leader DENG)
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Economic Reforms
4 Modernizations (agriculture, industry, science and defense)
 Introduced economic reforms – private ownership, free market policies
 Agri – farmers given land, gov’t took % of crop, family could sell the rest
 Entrepreneurs allowed to open businesses
 Foreign capital welcomed (joint ventures, special enterprise zones)
 Improvements brought a higher standard of living for most Chinese
 Consumption and crime increased
 Inequality between rich/poor, city/rural increased
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FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM IN CHINA
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Tiananmen Square Massacre – May 1989
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people were demanding political change as well
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Beijing – students and workers occupied Tiananmen Square while the
world press was in Beijing for a meeting between the Russian and
Chinese leaders
 100,000’s
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the demonstrators refused to leave, the government sent in troops
 1,000’s
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protested, calling for democracy in front of the world’s cameras
were killed or wounded, Some were put to death
crackdown showed China’s political leaders were still in control and
were determined to stay there. Order was more important than political
freedom
PICTURES FROM TIANANMEN SQUARE
FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM IN CHINA
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Challenges Today
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By mid 90’s –China became a world industrial power
Population – growth posed problems for China’s future
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Economic and Political Issues
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Rapid growth threatened China’s economic power (1.2 B by 2000)
China’s “One Child Policy” (rewards and penalties)
 Worked better in cities than rural (needed workers for farms)
 Tragic effect of female infanticide
New leader Jiang continued Deng’s policies
Inefficiencies couldn’t be fixed without huge unemployment
Inequalities between rich/poor & city/rural continued to grow
Communist Ideology is weakening as desire for profit overshadows to continue
socialist/communist programs
Corruption in government and business also became problem
Human Rights Issues
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To maintain monopoly on power, The Communist Party jailed critics
Human rights abused brought protests from trading partners
Prison labor, political dissent, tyranny in Tibet, repression of Falun Gong all create
troubles for China
China believes foreign nations have NO RIGHT to tell China how to treat its people
and point out human rights abused of other nations
THE ASIAN TIGERS
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Taiwan and Hong Kong (both have links to China but neither
experienced Mao’s revolution)
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Taiwan (China still considers it part of China, but the people of Taiwan
consider themselves independent)
Ruled by China, then Japan, then China again
 Jiang set up a democratic China in 1949
 Despite Jiang’s autocratic rule, economically Taiwan boomed
 US immediately recognized and supported Taiwan
 Trade boomed as Taiwan excelled in heavy industry & textiles
 With economic success came more political freedoms and reforms
 Recently Beijing again is insisting that Taiwan is part of China
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THE ASIAN TIGERS
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Hong Kong (Britain gained control after Opium Wars)
Became huge commerce/financial center for all of Asia
 Millions of Chinese refugees fled to Hong Kong
 Wealth from industries and banks helped Hong Kong
modernize
 Financial ties with China even when China was cut off from
the world
 Hong Kong could buy/sell with China, a market closed to
rest of world
 1997 – control of Hong Kong was returned to China
 Beijing allowed Hong Kong to continue as the financial
center of Asia
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THE ASIAN TIGERS
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Singapore (City-State) – 200 sq miles – 2 million people
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British rule brings prosperity
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Many ethnic groups came to Singapore for jobs, biggest group Chinese
Order and Prosperity
1959 – won independence from Great Britain
 1st leader (30 years autocracy) supported free market economy
 Attracted foreign investment with low labor costs, skilled workforce
 Government insisted on education for all (in English and Chinese)
 High tech industries, manufacturing and finance drove economy
 Standard of living grew for most in Singapore
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Ongoing Issues
Limited freedoms (strict control of government) is an issue
 Government’s view is that order is more important than individual
freedoms
 Demand by youth for more freedoms is a constant challenge
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SINGAPORE
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Ethnic tensions have also caused problems
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Chinese and Malay & Indian groups
Economic problems of the region impact Singapore
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Singapore weathered crisises that really hurt other Asian nations
The main reason is that they have a stable government
Their government invests heavily in education
A strong work ethic and low wages make it highly competitive
NEWS STORY FROM SINGAPORE (4-18-94)
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An American teenager sentenced to 6 strokes of a
lash for vandalism made a final plea for mercy
today, but there was no sign an exception to
Singapore’s tough criminal laws would be made
for him. Lawyers formally asked President Ong
Teng Cheong to pardon Michael P. Fay . A
decision is expected within days. The date of the
flogging has not been scheduled. Fat, 18, of
Kettering, Ohio, pleaded guilty last month to two
counts of vandalism, two of mischief and one of
possessing stolen property for spraying paint and
tossing eggs on a car last October. But he said in
a letter to his father that he had confessed only
after a beating by the police.
THE ASIAN TIGERS
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The Two Koreas:
Japan annexed in 1910, lost control after WW2
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USSR/US agreed to a temporary division of Korea, the North
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The Korean War
being communist, supported by USSR and the South being democratic
being supported by the US
Both sides wanted to end division
 North Korean troops attacked South Korea to unify under communism
 The US called on the UN to intervene
 UN forces mainly US and SK troops
 UN forces pushed north nearing China
 China (Mao) sent in troops to help NK
 The Korean War turned into a stalemate. Finally both sides agreed to
end the war in 1953 creating a permanent North and South Korea
 North Korea became a closed country under strict communist rule
with aid from the USSR
 South Korea was based on a free market economy with aid from the
US (ruled by dictators)
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THE TWO KOREAS
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South Korea
SK’s economy boomed in the 1990’s
 Based on textiles & manufactured goods early on, SK moved into
automobiles, heavy machinery and electronics
 Workers receive low wages, long hours which makes SK competitive
 Standard of living increased for most
 Educated youth pushed for democratic reforms and won
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North Korea (Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong-Un)
Since 1953, the Kim family has ruled North Korea and kept it isolated
 Hardline communism enforced even when other reformed
 Propaganda used to convince NK people that their leaders were great and
their system was awesome
 1990’s NK had to accept aid from the West/US to prevent mass starvation
 Despite misery and famine, the Kim’s have held onto control
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THE TWO KOREAS
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The Nuclear Issue
The US tried for years to prevent NK from developing nuclear weapons
 Offered to trade oil and other assistance to stop them
 North Korea became a nuclear state in 2006
 Has tested missiles capable of hitting South Korea and Japan
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Outlook for Unity
Most Koreans would like to see Korea reunited
 Talks between the two countries have eased tensions but no movement
on reunification
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SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC RIM
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War in Vietnam and Cambodia
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After WW2, France tried to reassert control
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Vietnam Divided
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Rebel leader, Ho Chi Minh, led resistance before, during and after war
Communist Minh was VERY popular with the Vietnamese people
When France finally decided to leave, an international conference was called
Vietnam was divided into communist north and democratic south
Election set to allow Vietnamese people to choose which direction they should go
Election cancelled by South (fearing loss, US fears of “Domino Theory”)
American Involvement
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Ho Chi Minh and the North attacked the South to reunite
US gets involved to protect democratic government
 Military Advisors sent to help SV Army
1964 – US begins actively bombing NV as USSR/China sent aid to NV
SE ASIA AND THE PACIFIC RIM
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The Communist Victory
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Vietnam Today
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When the US left the war, Vietnam was still a divided nation
NV overtook SV 2 years later and Vietnam reunited under communism
Despite American military superiority, NV outlasted the US
Ho Chi Minh led Communist Vietnam
Communist victors imposed harsh rule on the south
10,000’s fled (“Boat People”)
Vietnam had to rebuild. Progress slow due to US embargo
1990’s – Vietnam introduced some free market reforms and their economy
began to grow
US lifted its embargo and re-established trade with Vietnam, economy
continued to grow
Tragedy in Cambodia – “Killing Fields”
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The war spilt over into Cambodia
After the US left, the Khmer Rouge took over and unleashed a reign of terror
for about 10 years. Millions will die (about 1/3 of their population) as Pol Pot
tried to return his country to an agrarian economy
Eventually, Vietnam will overthrow the Pol Pot government and after Pot’s
death, many leaders will be tried for CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC RIM
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Challenges for the Philippines
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1946 – Philippines granted independence from the US
US continued to have economic and military influence over them
Marcos elected president in 1965 promising reform but instead became a
dictator, cracking down on the people’s freedoms
 1990’s – Marcos overthrown and a democracy established
 Economic growth followed, though many remained in poverty
 Rapid urbanization brought many problems
 A string of natural disasters tested the Filipino government. Many fled
the country to the US for a chance at a better life
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Currently, struggling with Muslim Extremists
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Developing Nations of SE Asia
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Indonesia
13,000 islands make up this country (complex ethnic/religious issues)
 Under military rule, economy boomed (exporting many products)
 Problems in the 1990’s brought down their leader, Suharto
 Indonesia sunk back into poverty during the 90’s
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Myanmar
Ethnic tensions have plagued this nation (AKA Burma)
 Repressive military leaders have kept under strict control, denying
their people their rights
 Just this year, Myanmar has agreed to a few reforms in exchange for
American aid
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Regional Cooperation
Demands for Political and Social freedoms have rocked the region in
the past 10-20 years.
 Order and economic development are more important to some leaders
than the rights of the people
 To work towards great economic and social stability, ASEAN (Assoc.
of Southeast Asian Nations) works together
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SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC RIM
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The Pacific Rim - All these counties are part of the vast region
known as the PACIFIC RIM
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Has ALWAYS been a strategic region for trade
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Now unite as a huge market that lures investors (world and US)
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China (1.4 billion)
India (1.2 billion)
Indonesia (240 million)
Very DIVERSE region (ethnic, religious, cultural)
Technology had linked these regions together and with the rest of the
world
ESSAYS – CHAPTER 21
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1) Mao brought communist revolution to China.
Explain the 2 ‘great’ movements enacted under Mao.
Great Leap Forward
 The Cultural Revolution
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2) Japan became an economic powerhouse after
WW2. Explain 3 different things Japan did to rebuild
their economy after the war.
 3) Pick 3 of the countries below and explain what/how
they developed after WW2.
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Taiwan
 Hong Kong
 Singapore
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* The Two Koreas
* Vietnam
* Philippines