Transcript The Industrial Revolution - Pleasantville High School

Unit 5: The Industrial Revolution
The Beginnings of Industrialization
Warm-Up:
(1) Why do historians consider the
Industrial Revolution a turning point
in human history?
(2) Why do you think it is important to
be industrialized?
Life Before the Industrial
Revolution in England
•Most people make their living as
farmers
•Simple hand tools are used
•Most people live in farming villages
•Most people have never traveled
beyond their village
•People work long hours that vary
by season
•Children work on the farm
•People make their own clothes and
grow their own food
•Power is provided by animals,
water mills, and windmills
•Transportation is slow- animal
drawn wagons and by foot
Industrialization
 Industrialization:
the process of
developing machine production of goods.
 Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in
England?
Water power and coal to fuel the machines
 Iron ore to build the machines
 Large Food Supply due to Agricultural Revolution
 Harbors from which merchants could set sail
 Strong economy and political stability
 Strong military/navy to protect trade

England had the factors of production, or land, labor and capital,
which were the resources needed to produce goods and services
Causes of the Industrial
Revolution
1. Agricultural Revolution
 Wealthy
landowners bought village
farms and made changes to farming
techniques
Agricultural Revolution
 Enclosures:
large enclosed fields where
landowners experimented with farming
methods
 Crop rotation: A system of growing a
different crop in a field each year to
preserve the land
 Selective Breeding
Changes in Agriculture
 OUTCOMES:
 Experimentation

with farming techniques
Seed Drill (Jethro Tull)– planting in rows
 Small
farmers forced to become tenant
farmers or move to cities
many
became factory workers
 Increase in food supplies
improved
living conditions
increased
population
increased
demand for food and goods
2. Population increase
•More food is available as a result of
the Agricultural Revolution
•Declining Death rates.
•Better overall health=healthier
babies
•More people are looking for jobs as
the enclosure movement and new
technology has put farmers out of
work
3. New Technology
Textile industry technologies – the cottage industry
could not keep up with demands for cloth
•Spinning
Jenny
•Spinning
Mule
•Power
Loom
•Steam
Engine
Inventions in the Textile Industry

Putting out
system/slow,
inefficient
 Spinning Jenny (James
Hargreaves) allowed a
workers to spin 8
threads at one time
 Inventions regarding
water power to drive the
spinning wheels in the
1770s and 1780s further
increased the
production of textiles
Spinning Jenny
Cotton Gin
 England
received
its cotton from the
American South and India,
who had used slave labor to remove the
seeds from cotton by hand
 1793 – Eli Whitney invented the cotton
gin to remove seeds
 Production of cotton increased from 1.5
million pounds (1790) to 85 million
pounds (1810)
4. Leaving the rural cottage
industry
• As population increases and new
technologies are invented, people
need jobs
•Machines are too big for homesFactories can produce
more/cheaper goods
Factories


Large buildings
that housed textile
machines
Owned by wealthy
entrepreneurs:


People who
organize, manage
and takes on the
risks of a business
Originally located
on rivers and
streams for
waterpower
Manchester, England, 1851
German Factory, 1840
New Technology
The Need for Energy:
•Early factories relied on horses, oxen, and water mills
•Steam engine (Thomas Newcomen) evolved in response to
the increasing need for power
•Steamboat (Robert Fulton) could move 5 mph.
•Effect of Steam Engine:
•Steam Power, used wherever coal existed, increased textile
production
•Improved mining which increased metal which in turn
fueled other industries
The Need for Iron:
• Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways
•New process of smelting iron (Abraham Darby) 
Better quality/less expensive
•Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires carbon
The Need for Coal:
•Carbon necessary for smelting iron
•Steam engines powered by coal
Effect of Iron and Coal:
•Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world
combined
•Coal powered Britain’s enormous navy.
Improvements in Transportation
 Steam
engine (1705)
 Steamboat (1807)
manmade
canals for transportation
 Improvements in roads in the 1800s
 Railroad (1820), which would dominate
industrial transportation in England
 1st
Railroad from Liverpool to Manchester
 Cheap way to transport materials and
finished products
 Created jobs as railroad workers and
miners (providing iron for the tracks)
Improvements in Transportation
Importance of Railroads

Spurred industrial growth
 Cheap method of transportation
 Created hundreds of thousands of new
jobs
 Boosted agricultural and fishing
industries, which could transport goods
to distant cities.
 Distant jobs
 Nationalism
 Resorts in country sides
Ticket-Out-the-Door:
On a half piece of paper with your name on it answer the following
questions. Make sure the TOD ends up in the bin before you leave.
(1) What was society like before the Industrial Revolution? Provide
examples.
(2) What piece of technology do you think had the greatest impact?
Create a t-chart and brainstorm as many positive
and negative effects of the Industrial Revolution as
you can.
Positive
Negative
Slide #1:Urbanization
 As
fewer workers
were needed on
the farm, workers
moved to the
cities to find jobs
in factories.
Overcrowding
and pollution
increased.
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE?
Slide #2: Rise of a Working Class

In the cities, workers
often found themselves
working long hours for
low pay and in
dangerous factories.
Many factory owners
became rich while
workers did not.
www.historywiz.com
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Slide #3: Rise of a Working Class

There was a wide
difference in wealth
between the factory
owners (haves) and the
workers (the have nots)
 POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE ?
Slide #4: New Roles for Children

While children used to work on the farm, many now worked in
dangerous conditions in factories. They were prized by factory
owners because they could fit into tight spots and would not
complain.
POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE ?

www.historywiz.com
Slide #5: New Roles for Children
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Slide #6:New Roles for
Women
 While
women did chores on the farm,
they were also able to take care of
children during the day. During the
Industrial Revolution, women would
either work in the dangerous factories or
stay home and take care of the children,
thus becoming very dependent on men.
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Slide #7: New Roles for
Women
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Child Labor





POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
10 year boys
Spinning machines
Barefoot
60 to 72 hour work week
Fix broken threads on the
bobbins
Child Labor
9
yrs old
 4 sides
 48 cents
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Francis Lane: 8yrs/pneumonia
twice
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Coal Miners
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Coal Dust
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
10 – 12 year old miners
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Coal Mine driver: 11 yrs old
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Fishery 3:30am to 5:30pm
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
8 years old
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
London Factory Girls
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Indiana factory 9pm
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Glass factory 10 yrs old
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
5 yrs old / trolley jumper
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Glass factory 2
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
Working Conditions
 Industrialization
creates new
jobs
 Low pay/long hours
 Factories dirty and unsanitary
 Poor lighting/no heat/poor
ventilation
 Workers trying to keep pace with
machines/no safety devices
 Harsh and severe discipline
 Child labor/women workers
Effects of Industrialization
 Urbanization:
After 1800 more people
moved to cities rather than rural areas
 Why?
The growth of the factory system brought
people looking for jobs to the cities
 This led to a population explosion in industrial
cities

Living Conditions
 Masses
of people migrated to cities
 Cities not prepared

Tenements: multistory buildings broken into
apartments
 No
running water, no heat, no
sewage or sanitation system
 Fire hazard
 Frequent epidemics/poor
ventilation/Cholera
Legislative Reform as a Result of the Industrial Revolution
Legislative
Reform
Effect
The Factory Act
•1833
•Made it illegal to hire children under 9
•Children 9 to 12 could not work more than 8 hrs. a
day
•Children 13 to 17 could not work more than 12 hrs.
a day
The Mines Act
•1842
•Prevent women & children from working
underground
The Ten Hour Act •1847
•Limited workday to 10 hours for women and
children who worked in factories
US: The National
Child Labor
Committee
Employers
Disability Act of
1880
•1904
•Formed in order to end child labor
•Paid compensation to workers injured on the job
Impact of Industrialization
 Growth
of corporations: business owned
by stockholders who share in the profits
but are not personally responsible for
debts
 Global Inequality: wider gap between
industrialized and non-industrialized
nations
imperialism
 Imperialism:
the policy of extending one
country’s rule over many other lands
 Growing
gap between rich and poor
Industrial Class
System
Upper Class:
rich entrepreneurs,
factory owners,
merchants,
bankers
Upper Middle Class
(Bourgeoisie): Government
employees, doctors, lawyers,
managers
of factories
Lower Middle Class: factory
overseers, skilled workers, printers
Working Class (Proletariat):
Laborers
The Working Class

Few ties to community in the city/lost,
bewildered
 Weavers and other skilled craftsmen
resisted the new labor saving machines
 Luddites: smashed and burned factories
 Protests meet harsh repression
 Spread of Methodism: new religious
movement founded by John Wesley/
Sunday School/read and write/moral ways
The New Middle Class
 Benefited
 Lived
the most
in solid well built homes
 Dressed
and ate well
 Middle
class women were
encouraged to become ladies
 Lady
like activities/maids
CAPITALISM
vs.
COMMUNISM
Philosophers of
Industrialization
 Adam
Smith
Laissez-faire economics: “Let people do as
they please” without government interference
 Believed government regulation
of business interfered with the
production of wealth
 Capitalism: an economic system
based on private ownership, in
which money is invested in
business with the goal of making
a profit

Capitalism & Invisible Hand
 Progress
results when individuals follow
their own self-interest (produce what they
want to produce)
 Successful when businesses compete with
one another for the consumer’s money
 Producer’s goal: provide goods & services
that are better quality and less expensive
than their competitors
 Consumer’s goal: compete with one another
to purchase the best products at the lowest
prices
 Government should not interfere in the
economy (laissez faire)
Philosophers of
Industrialization

Thomas Malthus


MAIN IDEA: population increased more quickly
than food supply, so people would always be poor
and miserable
David Ricardo – “Iron Law of Wages”

MAIN IDEA: the permanent underclass would
always be poor because if there were many
workers, their labor would always be cheap; as
population increased, wages would decrease
Against government efforts to help the workers because they
believed it would hurt the production of wealth in society
Philosophers of
Industrialization
 Jeremy
Bentham
 Philosophy
of utilitarianism: believed
government interference in business was
only useful if they promoted the greatest
good for the greatest number of people
Philosophers of
Industrialization
 Socialism:
 Factors
of production are owned by the
public and operated for the welfare of all
 Believed that the government should plan
the economy rather than rely on freemarket capitalism
 Government control of factories, mines,
railroads, etc. to help the workers who
were at the hands of greedy employers
 Grew out of a concern for social justice
 Smaller group: Utopians & Robert Owen
Philosophers of
Industrialization
 Karl
Marx
 German
journalist who
introduced radical socialism,
or Marxism, to the world
 Wrote The Communist
Manifesto with Friedrich Engels
 KEY IDEAS: Human society has always been
divided between the haves and have-nots
HAVES: Owners of production
or bourgeoisie
VS.
HAVE-NOTS: Workers
or proletariat
Communism
All great movements in history are a result
of class struggles
 Rich (Bourgeoisie-merchant class) take
advantage of the poor
 Belief that workers are exploited by
employers
 All workers (Proletariat-working classes)
will one day unite against the upper-classes
 Capitalism will eventually destroy itself
resulting in a classless society

The Future According to Marx
1)
2)
3)
Small number of manufacturers would
control all the wealth
Revolt by the proletariat – they would seize
factories and workers would share the
profits, bringing about economic equality for
all people
“dictatorship of the proletariat” would
eventually lead to a classless society, or
communism: a form of complete socialism
in which the means of production is owned
by the people, all goods/services are shared
equally and private property no longer
exists
According to Marx, whoever owns the means of production
has always controlled the government and society.
Marx believed that the proletariat in every country
faced the same problem – Class struggle with the
bourgeoisie.
“…Workers of the World Unite!”
Other Reforms

Unions: groups of voluntary
workers who pressed for reforms
in the 1800s, such as higher pay
and shorter hours



Participated in collective bargaining, or
negotiations between workers and they employers
for better working conditions
If demands were not met, workers could strike, or
refuse to work
Although many unions were initially outlawed, they
eventually won the right to strike and picket
peacefully, which led to reforms aimed at
improving the lives of workers
Compare/Contrast Capitalism and
Communism
Capitalism
Communism
Both
Ticket-Out-the-Door:
1.
2.
3.
Why do you think the ideas of
capitalism prevailed over communism
in Britain during the Industrial
Revolution?
Why might the ideals of communism be
appealing to some?
What is one question that you still
have about the economic situation
during the Industrial Revolution?
Negative Effects of the
Industrial Revolution

Long hours/low wages
 Child labor
 Pollution/burning of coal/water pollution
 Lack of education
 Unsafe working condition/machines have
no safety devices
 Poor ventilation/ lack of heat
 Spread of diseases
 Fire hazard/ crime/sanitation/sewers
 Tenements and crowded living conditions
Positive Effects of the
Industrial revolution
 Improved
transportation Railway Age
 Steam engines railroads/ships
 Rising standard of living
 Better food
 Affordability of consumer goods