Transcript VIBRATOR TRUCKS

“Suspicious increases in Reserves”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves
Some of these sudden increases may be tied to OPEC decision to tie production
Quotas to reserves.
Value Proposition for Coal Transformation
EIA projections on energy sources
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/forecasting.html
Excerpts from Talk by Rob Swain
at IIN alternative E conf.
28 Sept. 2005
http://www.indianainnovation.com/events/2005/energy.asp
Bioenergy – Goals (Indiana)
• Total Ethanol Production 200 million
gallons by 2007 (<10% of national cap.)
• Total BioDiesel Production of 40 million
gallons by 2007
• 10% biofuels usage by 2010 and 20% by
2025
– 40 E-85 pumps by 1/2007
• Secure Federal Funding for Advanced Bio
Energy Research (Discovery Park –
Energy)
2004 Ethanol
Production Facilities
In Aug. 2006 there were 101 plants producing 4.9Billion
gallons: www.ksgrains.com/ethanol/useth.html
Sites for Ethanol Energy budget
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•
•
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http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/002722.html
http://www.ethanol.org/documents/NetEnergyBalanceissuebrief_000.pdf
http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS416-Patzek-Web.pdf
http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS-BiomassPaper.pdf
•
http://www.hubbertpeak.com/pimentel/bioscience/conservation/conservation.pdf
•
http://hubbert.mines.edu/news/Pimentel_98-2.pdf
Bio-Diesel Websites
•
•
•
http://www.biodiesel.org/
http://www.biodiesel.com/
http://www.dancingrabbit.org/biodiesel/
Key Conclusions…
State of Indiana Agriculture
– Indiana must quickly enter the biofuels game
given its explosion and our natural advantages.
US Ethanol Plants
US Biodiesel Plants
Next Steps - Cont’d
• Create a showcase, pilot community that
runs from biorenewable resources to
demonstrate the broader benefits of these
fuels beyond agriculture.
BIO-TOWN
USA
• Ensure that alternative energies can be
sold competitively for use throughout the
State’s existing power grid.
BIO-TOWN USA
• Reynolds IN
– Opportunities:
• Energy Production locally &
homegrown
• Cleaner Environment
• Solution to waste management
• Potential to grow Indiana Agriculture
• Economic development locally and
statewide
BIOTOWN, USA
• Short Term Goals:
– Install E85 ethanol pumps locally
– Provide opportunity for local residents to
convert vehicles to flex fuel vehicles.
General Motors is providing support to
this.
– B-20 biodiesel to be made available
locally
BIOTOWN, USA
• Long Term Expectations:
– To completely meet all the energy needs of
Reynolds via bio-renewable resources
including:
• Electric
• Natural Gas Replacement
• Vehicle fuels
– Using environmentally friendly technologies to
convert animal and human waste into biogas
i.e.
ENERGY!
Costs
Dry Grind Ethanol Facilities
Currently grind corn and ferment to
ethanol cost about $ 1.05 / gal capacity
(100 million gal per year)
Petroleum Refinery (rough ballpark estimate)
$2.5 billion / 150,000 barrels/ day
calculates to about $ 1 / gal capacity
Challenges
Utilize biomass materials from a wide range of
sources:
Cellulosics
Fiber
Corn
Apply biotechnology and nanotechnology to
develop bio-catalytic conversion routes
Yeasts
Fixed bed catalysts
Enzymes
Discovery Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
advanced pretreatments
to enhance the digestibility/reactivity of the fiber component
(cellulose and hemicellulose) of DG,
enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated celluloses
to produce fermentable sugars, remove part or all of the cellulose
and hemicellulose, increase feed value of residual solids,
ferment hexose and pentoses using genetically engineered yeasts
to ethanol and their transformation to other biobased products,
Bio-catalysts to make diesel from soybeans, sugars from biomass
convert alcohol and soybean oil to diesel
Separations technology
energy efficient recovery form water of different bio-products
comprehensive economic analysis
of the processes, technologies, and markets, incorporating
uncertainty in key technological and market parameters.
Ethanol Energetics
Is there a net energy gain?
35% if ethanol produced from grain
50-60% if ethanol produced from
grain and cellulosic biomass
Compare to 85% energy gain when liquid
fuels derived from petroleum
Energetics
Corn yield
Nitrogen
fertilizer
application rate
Inputs for
nitrogen
fertilizer
Corn ethanol
conversion
rate
Ethanol
conversion
process
Total1
energy
use
Coproducts1
energy
credits
Net1
energy
value
bu/acre
lb/acre
Btu/lb
gal/bu
Btu/gal
Btu/gal
Btu/gal
Btu/gal
Pimentel
(1991)
110
136.0
37,551
2.50
73,687
(LHV)
131,01
7
21,500
-33,517
Keeney and
DeLuca
(1992)
119
135.0
37,958
2.56
48,434
(LHV)
91,127
8,072
-8,431
Marland and
Turhollow
(1991)
119
127.0
31,135
2.50
40,105
(HHV)
73,934
8,127
18,324
Morris and
Ahmed
(1992)
120
127.0
31,000
2.55
46,297
(LHV)
75,297
24,950
25,653
Ho (1989)
90
NR
NR
NR
57,000
(LHV)
90,000
10,000
-4,000
This study
(1995)
122
124.5
22,159
2.53
53,277
(HHV)
82,824
15,056
16,193
Average
113
129.9
31,961
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,373
Study/year
Notes:
http://www.ethanol-gec.org/corn_eth.htm
Alternative Fuels
E-n fuel economy
E10AK denatured
With iso-pentane &
Bio-diesel
http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACEFuelEconomyStudy.pdf
Ethanol vs. MTBE
http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_ethanol_mtbe.htm
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
Alternative Fuels
Flex fuel vehicles
•Last time we talked about E10, E20, E85 etc. and someone asked if all
new cars were not able to use the latter. The website below lists the flex
fuel vehicles that are available today. Clearly this is not the whole fleet!
•I have found some references indicating that all vehicles now sold must
be compatible from a corrosion point of view, but there are additional
requirements regarding ignition timing etc. that not all engines satisfy.
http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/FFVlist2007.pdf
Opportunities
Apply biotechnology to bioprocessing
Small environmental footprint
Benefits agriculture
Creates jobs
Utilize biological materials as sources of
renewable energy and biodegradable chemical
building blocks
Contribute to energy security
Reduce increase of global warming gases
Discovery 3: Bio Energy
• Mike Ladisch, Nancy Ho, John Morgan,
Miroslav Sedlak, Robin Ridgway, other members
of LORRE, ?
• Clean fuels from corn and soybean waste
products- goal is not fuel from food but fuel
and food.
• Purdue has patented and licensed the
best yeast strain for conversion of corn
waste to ethanol.
Energy from Garbage
Energy from Garbage
Energy from land fills
Fire places/Wood Stoves
E.G. Skeptical about: Biogas
Digesting tanks at Microgy , Inc.'s biogas plant
process manure from about 10,000 cows into
methane and compost. Output: 109scf of CH4/yr
Credit: Microgy, Inc., Texas. (105 scf /yr.cow)
•This is what the article says, it sounds high to me!
•Article claims that the plant can be profitable
at $4/kscf for methane, and that they make
roughly $5M/yr with today’s price of $5-7/kscf.
•Plant uses 8 digesters, each with a capacity of
916,000 gallons.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/project_brief_detail.cfm/pb_id=1160
•Biogas is typically a mix of CH4 and CO2, the precise ratio depends on
the input feedstock, the process used, and purification steps taken at the end.
•Raw biogas from simple anaerobic digesters working with cow manure is
roughly 60% CH4 and 40%CO2.
•The book suggests that a pound of manure produces roughly 1scf of biogas
•It also suggest one cow can produce 6.2x106 Btu/yr (50 gal. gasoline equiv.)
which is about 6200 scf of NG or 12400 scf of biogas/year.
Global wind patterns
http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/wwhlpr/hurricane_globalwinds.rxml?hret=/indexlist.rxml
Hurricane Interior
Atmospheric structure
T up to 1500 K due to intense
solar radiation
Chemical composition changes to be
richer in lighter gases, gravitational
stratification almost no H2O or ozone
T relatively constant, increasing to
About 200K at the stratopause
Average dT/dh = -6 K/km
The region of weather!
http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html
10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to
40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!
http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html
Temperature Inversion
In extreme cases
the temperature can
actually increase with
height.
http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_is_a_temperature_inversion.htm
Temperature Inversion
http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironment/smog.htm