Transcript Memory-Based Learning Instance-Based Learning K

LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT
(PHONETICS)
Yılmaz Kılıçaslan
Contents
 Linguistic Layers
 Phonetics
 Phonology
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A Retrospective and Prospective Summary
SYMBOLS
SIGNS
Linguistic
Form
Phonetics
Morphology
Semantics
INDICES
REALITY
Sociolinguistics
Syntax
Phonology
Pragmatics
Cognitive Linguistics
ICONS
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MINDS
Language in Context
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Phonetics: language in nature



Articulatory phonetics: the study of the
production of speech sounds by the articulatory
and vocal tract by the speaker; the study of the
position, shape and movement of speech organs
(articulators) such as the lips, tongue, and vocal
folds.
Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical
transmission of speech sounds from the speaker
to the listener; the study of the spectro-temporal
properties of the sound waves produced by
speech, such as their frequency, amplitude, and
harmonic structure.
Auditory Phonetics: the study of the reception
and perception of speech sounds by the listener;
the study of the perception, categorization, and
recognition of speech sounds and the role of the
auditory system and the brain.
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Natural periphery
of language
... fine motor coordinations and things like that [w]hich
take place in the use of language, like when you speak you
control your lips and so on, [are] very peripheral to
language ... So for example, whether you use the
articulatory organs or sign, you know hand motions, it's
the same language. In fact, it's even being analyzed and
produced in the same parts of the brain, even though one
of them is moving your hands and the other is moving
your lips. So whatever the externalization is, it seems quite
peripheral. (from a conversation with Noam Chomsky on
Where Artificial Intelligence Went Wrong, Interviewer:
Yarden Katz)
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Text: language in society
In its social mode of existence, language appears as a text (or discourse).
Therefore, text (in oral, written or any other form) is the object of study of
sociolinguistics. Like phonetics, it is a multiperspectival field of study. But,
unlike phonetics, its concern is not the natural realization of language but
its social content and context. We will not go into an account of this complex
area of study.
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Social periphery
of language

Take garden-path sentences:
– The horse raced past the barn fell.
Paraphrase: the horse that was raced past the barn, by someone, fell.
 There are things we can't say, for some reason:
A: √ "The mechanics fixed the cars".
B: √ "They wondered if the mechanics fixed the cars."
A: ?√ "How many cars did they wonder if the mechanics fixed?"
A: * "How many mechanics did they wonder if fixed the cars?"
(Somehow it doesn't work, can't say that. It's a fine thought, but you can't say it. Well, if you
look into it in detail, the most efficient computational rules prevent you from saying it. But
for expressing thought, for communication, it'd be better if you could say it -- so that's a
conflict.)
 And in fact, every case of a conflict that's known, computational efficiency wins. The
externalization is yielding all kinds of ambiguities but for simple computational reasons, it
seems that the system internally is just computing efficiently, it doesn't care about the
externalization.
(Adapted from a conversation with Noam Chomsky on Where Artificial Intelligence Went Wrong,
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Interviewer: Yarden Katz)
Phones versus Phonemes
•
Phonemes are discrete and cognitive units of sound. They are not only the outputs of a
process of conversion from continuous waves of sounds in the physical world but also
abstractions from a set of so-called phones, which are physical speech units perceived by
the human ear.
•
In order for two different phones to be considered two distinct phonemes, they need to be
employable to form meaningful contrasts between utterances.
•
Consider the words pin and spin. Both contain the same phoneme /p/. However, this
phoneme is realized as a different phone in each of these words. In the first word, it is an
aspirated sound, [pʰ], whereas in the second it is unaspirated, [p]. Nevertheless, these
different sounds are considered to belong to the same phoneme in English because, if an
English speaker used one instead of the other, the meaning of the word would not change:
using [pʰ] in spin might sound odd, but the word would still be recognized. However, if a
different phoneme, say [k] were used, the meaning of the word would completely change:
skin means something totally different
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Phones versus Phonemes
Concretizing a phoneme is to realize it as an allophone with new features interpreted
with specific values. Informally a phonological rule takes an underlying abstract
form as input, operates on it, and yields a surface form, i.e. an allophone. However,
this operation is somewhat context-sensitive. That is to say, it has to take place in a
certain phonological environment. A phonological rule has the following general
form:
A → B / D __ E .
The environment where the rule is to apply is expressed by the symbols falling to the
right of the slash. A rule of the form above will stipulate that A becomes B when it
occurs between D and E. Other symbols in rule writing include: C = any obstruent,
V = any vowel, Ø = nothing, # = word boundary, ( ) = optional, and { } = either/or.
A deletion rule is A → Ø / E __ (A is deleted when it occurs after E) and an insertion
rule is Ø → A / E __ (A is inserted when it occurs after E). A common practice is to
use σ to indicate a syllable boundary and # to indicate a word boundary.
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Phones versus Phonemes
Below are some phonological examples illustrating the environments for some phonemes to be
realized as allophones (from Özsoy 2004):
/i/ sesbiriminin genizsil [ĩ], daha açık [i ̌] ve [i] olmak üzere üç sesbirimciği bulunmaktadır. Bu
üç sesbirimciğinin oluşturulma koşulları şöyledir: Aynı seslem içinde genizsil ve akıcı
ünsüzlerden önce ve sözcük sonunda bulunduğunda, sözcük içinde diğer konumlardaki
oluşumuna göre biraz daha açık olan [i ̌] olarak oluşturulur; aynı seslem içinde içinde /m n/
genizsillerinden önce geldiğinde, ses benzeşmesi sonucu genizsil [ĩ] olarak oluşturulur; diğer
konumlarda ise [i] olarak oluşturulur. (Özsoy 2004, pp. 36-37)
More formally:
/i/ → [i ̌] / __ #
__
-Ü
[+geniz]
[+akıcı]
/i/ → [ĩ] / __
/i/ → [i] / other
-Ü
[+geniz]
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Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception
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Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception
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Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception
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Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception
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Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception
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Context Sensitivity
of Visual Perception
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Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception
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Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception
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Türkçe Sesli Uyumu
a
ı
o
u
e
i
ö
ü
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Türkçe Sessiz Uyumu
çfhkpsşt
lmnry
bcdgğjvz
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Sanskritçe’nin Grameri (M.Ö. 500)
Pāṇini, 3959 kurallı
Sanskritçe gramerini
formüle etmiştir.
a
ı
o
e
i
ö
u
ü
Türkçe için sesli uyumu otomatı
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Dilin Soyutlama Düzeyleri
CATEGORIES
MORPHEMES
PHONES
ALLOPMORPHS
ALLOPHONES
COMBINATION
SIGNIFICATION
PHONEMES
WORDS
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Katmanlı Otomat Modeli – bir örnek
stem
q0
plur
q1
q2
l
k
r
k
q04
q01
q03
q02
e
ö
e
q03
q02
p
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