Unit Two/Ch. 16 AP European History Ms. Tully - UHS

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

II. Advances in Medicine & Chemistry Focus Question What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine?

Dominance of Galen

   2 nd C Greek physician Theory of two different blood systems Doctrine of four bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

      Swiss scientists – lone ranger in medicine Rejected work of Aristotle & Galen Macrocosm-Microcosm theory Disease caused by chemical imbalances in specific organs Disease treatment – “like cures like” Father of modern medicine

Vesalius (1514-1564)

   MD from University of Padua 1536  Professor of surgery Emphasis on practical research to understand human body

On the Fabric of the

Human Body, 1543

William Harvey (1578-1657)

   MD from University of Padua in 1602

On the Motion of the

Heart and Blood, 1628 Heart starting point for circulation, blood flows in veins & arteries

Chemistry

  Robert Boyle (1626 1691) – matter is composed of atoms Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) – system for naming chemical elements

III. Women in the Origins of Modern Science Focus Question: What role did women play in the Scientific Revolution?

Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)

    Prominent female scientist of 17 th C Excluded from Royal Society Active & critical participant Example of French or English woman in science

Maria Merian (1647-1717)

   Tradition of female craft production  scientific participation Reputation as important entomologist in 18 th C 1699  Merian went to South America to study bugs

Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720)

   Famous German female astronomer Married Gottfried Kirch  leading astronomer Faced typical obstacles in career

Debate on the Nature of Women

 Querelles des femmes – arguments about women   Medieval males opinions Early modern female arguments  rational, education beneficial women were  Science used to support old stereotypical views  Labor & birth transferred from midwives to men  Distribution of misogynistic/scientific literature perpetuated attitudes against women

IV. Descartes & Rationalism

   Read Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind on p. 504-505  What is Cartesian dualism, and what were its social implications?  Why is Descartes considered the “founder of modern rationalism”?

Read The Father of Modern Rationalism on p. 505 & answer the prompt at the end. This will go directly into Section #3: Classwork/Homework !!

V. The Scientific Method & the Spread of Scientific Knowledge Focus Question: How were the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread, and what impact did they have on society and religion?

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

   Scientific method built on inductive principles Organized experiments, systematic observations  Empiricism Wanted to contribute to “mechanical arts”

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

  Emphasize deduction and mathematical logic 

Discourse on Method

Newton synthesized Bacon’s empiricism & Descartes’ rationalism into one method

Scientific Societies

   English Royal Society – 1640s French Academy of Sciences – 1650s  Both societies practical value of scientific research  primary focus on mechanics & astronomy German princes & cities sponsored small scale societies  Spread of scientific journals

Science and Society

  How did science become such an integral part of Western culture in the 17 th & 18 th centuries?

Merchants & gentry attracted to science b/c it could exploit resources for profit   Political interests in scientific conception of natural world to create social stability Leaders supported scientific revolution for military advancement

Science and Religion

    Theology the final measure Dichotomy between science & religion  growing secularization Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) Blaise Pascal (1623 1662)