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The Fourth Grade Teachers
Present
Native American Cultures
The Fourth Grade Teachers
Present
Native American Cultures
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The Hopi
Inuit
The Kwatiutl
The Nez Perce
The Pawnee
The Seminole
The Hopi Indians
How do you pronounce the word "Hopi"?
What does it mean?
It's pronounced "hope-ee," and it means
"peaceful person" or "civilized person" in
the Hopi language.
• How is the Hopi Indian nation organized?
• The Hopis live on a reservation, which is land that
belongs to them and is under their control. The Hopi
Nation has its own government, laws, police, and
services, just like a small country. However, the Hopis
are also US citizens and must obey American law.
• What language do the Hopi Indians speak?
• Almost all Hopi people speak English today, but
most of them also speak their native Hopi
language. Hopi is a complex language with
long words. It isn't related to other Pueblo
languages at all, but is actually a distant
relative of the Aztec language. If you'd like to
know an easy Hopi word, "ha'u" (sounds a
little like hah-uh) means "hello" in Hopi.
• How
__ __do___
Hopi
_____
Indian
________
children____
live, and
___ what
____ did
___ they
____
__ __
do
in the
___past?
____
• ___ __ ___ ____ ______ ___ ________ __ ____ ____
• They
____ _____
do the __
same
__ ______
things all
___
children
____ ______
do--play
___with
_____
___ ___
each
other,
________
go to school
____ __
and
__help
_______
around
___the
_______
house.
____ _____
Many
Hopi children
_______ like
_ ___
to go
____
hunting
_____
and
____
fishing
___
____ their
with
______
fathers.
___ ____
In the
____
past,
__Indian
____ __
kids
_____
had_____
more
_____ ____
chores
and less
____time
________
to play________
in their daily
__ ____
lives,___
just
____colonial
like
_____ ____
children.
___ But
_____
they
__did
____
have___
dolls,
______
toys,
_____________
and
games to play.
_______
A Hopi
_ _____
mother
_____
traditionally
__ _
___________
carried
a young
__ child
___ ____
in a cradleboard
_ ______ _____
on her
____
back--a
_______which
custom
_______
many
____
American
_______parents
___
have adopted
now.
• What was Hopi transportation like in the days before
cars? Did they paddle canoes?
• No--the Hopi Indians weren't coastal people, and rarely
traveled by river. Originally they just walked. There were
no horses in North America until colonists brought them
over from Europe, so the Hopis used dogs pulling
travois (a kind of drag sled) to help them carry heavy
loads. Once Europeans brought horses to America, the
Hopis could travel more quickly than before.
• What were Hopi weapons and tools like in
the past?
• Hopi hunters used bows and arrows. The Hopis
did not go to war often, though Hopi warriors did
sometimes have to defend their territory against
the Spanish and Navajos. When this happened,
they normally fired their bows or fought with
spears. Hopi tools included wooden farm
implements, spindles and looms for weaving
cotton (and later wool), and pump drills for
boring holes in turquoise and other beads.
Clothing
Inuit Indians made clothing out of
lots of things such as caribou and
seal skin.
They had summer clothes and
winter clothes. Their clothes were
made out of trees and other
materials.
• What are Hopi arts and crafts like?
• Hopi artists are famous for their intricately
carved kachina dolls and fine pottery and
baskets. All of these art forms are still
flourishing today.
• How do I cite your website in my
bibliography?
• Our names are Laura Redish and Orrin Lewis
and the title of our site is Native Languages of
the Americas. The site was first created in 1998
and last updated in 2009.
Thanks for your interest in the Hopi Indian
people and their language!
The Inuit/Canadian
Eskimos
Food
The Inuit Indians ate primarily
fish, sea mammals, and a few land
mammals. They also hunted seal,
especially ring seal. Most of the
Inuit were fisherman so fish was
very common.
Shelter
The Inuit Indians lived in igloos during the winter months.
They also lived in tents and cabins made with driftwood
covered with soil during the summer months.
Igloos are extraordinary houses. They are really hard to
make. An igloo takes about 12 steps to make. One of them
is that the Eskimos would have to lift heavy ice/ snow
blocks ranging in weight from 18-24 pounds! (Try lifting
that!) If you had not been building for a long time, it would
take you several hours. If you were skilled at building, it
would take only one hour! It took many years to become a
skilled builder.
Arts
The Inuit Indians were all great craftsmen. They
believed that the ivory they carved with had some sort
of animal inside that when they finished the figure, the
animal was free from its prison.
Ivory was one of the main materials used for carving.
The other two were soapstone and driftwood.
The Shamen, medicine men, would also carve and wear
masks to use them as shields to ward off evil spirits.
Most masks would be friendly looking, while others
were fearsome and evil looking.
Kwakiutl
The Kwakiutl natives were very
smart. They lived in the Northwest
region of the United States. They
were great hunters and crafters.
They also made their own clothes,
from nature.
Food
The Kwakiutl usually hunted otters,
weasels, mink, marmots, and squirrels
which were caught in baited traps. The
Kwakiutl ate anything that they could
catch, which included lots of fish.
Clothing
The Kwakiutl had a certain way to dress. Mats for
floors were also used as clothing. During cold and
wet weather, warm and water resistant clothing
was mandatory. The most common dress was a
dress made from cedar bark.
The cedar bark was sometimes woven together
with wool from mountain goats. They also raised
wooly dogs so they could shave their thick coats.
The clothing was then rubbed in fish oil to
increase water resistance.
Shelter
The Kwakiutl lived near the Pacific Ocean.
The houses were built by cedar wood. Each
house had a totem pole in front of it to identify
each member of the tribe. The clan symbol was
on the top of it. The beds were on each side
inside the house. There were also holes in the
center of the roof so the smoke would exit
without setting fires.
Pawnee
Location
The Pawnee previously lived in
Central North America where
Nebraska and Kansas are right now.
Today, many Pawnee people live in
far away villages in Oklahoma.
Climate
The climate in the area where the
Pawnee live ranges from 23 degrees
to 76 degrees. The highest
temperature recorded was 118.
Food
 The
Pawnee ate corn, beans, and
squash in the spring and fall.
 They
hunted buffalo in the summer
and winter.
Clothing
The Pawnee used animal skins for clothing.
It took about 40 hours of hard physical work
to prepare a hide properly so it could be
used for clothing. The hide was carefully
removed from the animal, scraped of flesh,
and preparations rubbed into it to prevent it
from rotting.
Pawnee Clothing
Shelter
The Pawnee tore off the animals
hides. Carefully they stretched the
hides on sticks. The sticks held the
house. The hide was the cover. They
also used bark, earth, and grass to
make permanent houses.
Interesting Facts



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The Pawnee sacrificed a young girl
each year.
The Pawnee nation was destroyed in 1850
by smallpox, cholera, and Sioux attacks.
The Pawnee were excellent hunters.
The Pawnee thought the stars were gods.
There about 2,000 Pawnee left today.
The Nez Perce
Environment
The Nez Perce lived in the scattered
villages in the plains around Idaho,
Oregon, and Washington State.
Food
They ate salmon, wild berries , plants,
and kouse (roots). They stored the fish
in a ice cave for winter use . The Nez
Perce boiled and ate raw kouse.
Shelter
The Nez Perce lived in the scattered villages in
the plains around Idaho, Oregon, and
Washington State. The Nez Perce lived in
earth shelters that were round or long. When
they went hunting they slept in tepees.
Clothing
The woven bag was a style for the Nez
Perce. The women often made and wore
dresses of deer skin. The weaving always
was done by women. They wore moccasins
with their loin cloths.
Animals
The Nez Perce hunted moose, deer, elk, and
bear. If they killed a buffalo they would
use every part of it for toys, food and other
things.
Interesting Facts
The Nez Perce made spoons out of
mountain sheep. They got their name when
the French explores arrived and saw shells
in their noses.
The Seminole Indians
It's pronounced "SEH-minn-ole." It
comes from a Spanish word meaning
"wild."

In the 1700's, many Indians from Georgia and
Florida tribes--Creeks, Miccosukees, Hitchitis,
and Oconees--joined together for protection.
These tribes originally had unique cultural
identities, but they soon merged into a unified
Seminole nation.

Over the next century, Native Americans from
other tribes and African-Americans who escaped
from slavery crossed the border into Florida to
join the Seminoles too.

What were men and women's roles in the
Seminole tribe?

Seminole men were hunters and sometimes
went to war to protect their families. Seminole
women were farmers and also did most of the
child care and cooking. Both genders took
part in storytelling, artwork and music, and
traditional medicine. In the past, the chief
was always a man, but today a Seminole
woman can participate in government too.

What was Seminole transportation like in the days
before cars? Did they paddle canoes?

Yes--the Seminole Indians made flat dugout canoes
from hollowed-out cypress logs. They steered these
boats with poles rather than paddles, and
sometimes used sails made from palmetto fiber.
Over land, the Seminoles used dogs as pack
animals. (There were no horses in North America
until colonists brought them over from Europe.)
Today, of course, Seminole people also use cars...
and non-native people also use canoes.

How do Seminole Indian children live, and
what did they do in the past?

They do the same things all children do--play with each
other, go to school and help around the house. Many
Seminole children like to go hunting and fishing with their
fathers. In the past, Seminole kids had more chores and
less time to play, just like early colonial children. But they
did have palmetto dolls and wooden toys, and teenage
Seminole boys liked to play ball games like stickball,
similar to the Iroquois game of lacrosse. Like many Native
Americans, Seminole mothers traditionally carried their
babies in cradleboards on their backs--a custom which
many American parents have adopted now.


What are Seminole arts and crafts like?
The Seminoles are known for their baskets,
woodcarvings, beadwork, and patchwork
designs.

What were Seminole weapons and tools like
in the past?

Seminole hunters used bows and arrows.
Fishermen usually used fishing spears.
Traditionally, Seminole warriors fired their
bows or fought with tomahawks. But by the
time the Seminole tribe had united in the
1700's, they also fought with guns.

How do I cite your website in my bibliography?

Our names are Laura Redish and Orrin Lewis and the
title of our site is Native Languages of the Americas.
The site was first created in 1998 and last updated in
2009.
Thanks for your interest in the Seminole Indian
people and their language!
We hope that you enjoyed our
presentation about the
Native American Cultures.
The Fourth Grade Teachers