Transcript Training

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Modelling plasmas for light generation Some thoughts on the needs of the lighting industry
COST Model Inventory Workshop
12 to 15 April 2005
University of Madeira, Funchal
Stuart Mucklejohn
UK National Representative to COST529
GE Consumer & Industrial- Lighting, Melton Road, Leicester LE4 7PD, UK
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
What are models used for ?
New product development
Product improvement
Fault finding
Production processes
Education
Training
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
What is a lamp ?
Light generating component of a system used to
illuminate things
Within the European Union:
An energy using product (EUP)
A product subject to the WEEE directive
A product subject to the RoHS regulations
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
What is a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp ?
A light emitting high temperature chemical reactor
Characteristics:
Plasma has electron temperature = gas temperature
Operating pressure 1 to 50 atm, up to 200 atm for UHP
Local thermodynamic equilibrium is a reasonable assumption
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Uses of HID lamps
Road lighting
Car headlamps
Stage/studio lighting
Horticulture – greenhouse lighting
Interior lighting – warehouses & shopping malls
Floodlighting – sports & architectural
Projection systems
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Types of HID lamps
Description
Typical application
Low-pressure sodium
road lighting
High-pressure sodium
road lighting
High-pressure mercury
road lighting
Metal halide with silica arctube
interior, sports, malls
Metal halide with ceramic arctube
interior, malls, streets
Ultra high pressure
projection systems
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Some characteristics of HID lamps
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Power range
20 to 20 kW
Output
1600 to 2000000 lumens
Life
500 to 28000 h
Size
50 to 500 mm
Global market
>500x106 € per annum
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
The system includes light source & the
receptor
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Components of HID lamps
Outer enclosure - glass outer jacket & metal connectors
Arctube - silica or ceramic
Electrodes - tungsten
Leadwires – molybdenum, niobium
Chemical additives - mercury, sodium, metal halides
Gas fill - argon, krypton85
Joins
Seals
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
A metal halide lamp with ceramic arctube
N b leadw ire
M o w inding
W tip (electrodes)
A rc cham ber
A rctube body (P C A )
L eg
S eal
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Interactions within HID arctubes
Gas phase
1000 to 6000 K
light generation
Liquid – Gas
700 to 1300 K
dose evaporation
Solid – Gas
700 to 1500 K
corrosion
Liquid – Solid
700 to 1300 K
corrosion
Solid – Solid
700 to 1500 K
corrosion
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Temporal phenomena
Steady state
Transient
Non-LTE
Reaction kinetics
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Energy balance for a metal halide lamp
(U tot = 90 V , U A K = 15 V )
4%
V IS
36 %
therm al
15 %
= 0.2
T w = 1300 K
IR
28 %
%%%
D ischarge C olum n 83 %
E lectrodes 17 %
C D M 75 – 150 W
2%
discharge
tube w all
V IS
UV
IR 53 %
IR
9%
cond
From Philips Lighting & the ALITE program
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Life cycle of HID lamps
Assumes life of 10000 h
Production
Raw materials, processes, testing
0 to 100 h
Rapidly changing properties to 100 h
100 to 1000 h
Significant changes in output
1000 to 10000 h
Slowly changing output, failures
End of life
Disposal
Recycling
Environmental impact
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Fundamental data
Radiation properties of optically thick radiators (line broadening, transitions
probabilities)
Radiation properties of optically thin radiators (reduced emission coefficients)
Diffusion coefficients & mobilities of plasma species
Viscosities of buffer gases
Thermochemical parameters for:
plasma species (discharge properties)
liquid - gas reactions (dose chemistry)
solid - gas reactions (corrosion)
solid - liquid reactions (corrosion)
Kinetic parameters for material transport mechanisms
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Examples of predictive models needed
Lamp voltage rise through life
Lamp voltage & colour changes for vertical &
horizontal operation
Luminous efficacy through life
Output from 200 to 3000 nm
Lamp life
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
History
Many descriptions of models at conferences
Large number of scientific publications
Valuable resource for the lighting industry
But ……..
Some reports/papers very difficult to find
Software no longer available & not designed for
operation by third parties
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
 N um eL iT e
 N um eL iT e
A viso fitting w ith 150W
4000K lam p
A viso fitting in situ at A lbi
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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to:
Barry Preston (GE Lighting)
Raghu Ramaiah (GE Lighting)
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