13/14 Spring Semester

Energy (TKK-2129)

Instructor: Rama Oktavian Email: [email protected]

Office Hr.: M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11

1. Geothermal energy 2. Solar energy 3. Wind energy 4. Hydro energy

Outlines

Geothermal energy

What is it??

- energy that comes from the ground; power extracted from heat stored in the earth - It was formed by the decay of minerals and forests several years ago - heat is continuously produced inside the earth http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GeothermalEnergy.php

Geothermal energy uses

Geothermal energy

http://www.conservationconversations.com/cmswp/wp-content/uploads/GeothermalTable.jpg

Geothermal energy

Used as district heating

1892: America’s first district heating system was put into place Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html

Geothermal energy

Used as district heating

1892: America’s first district heating system was put into place Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html

Geothermal energy

Advantages

- Renewability  Earth’s core is always going to be heated  As long as there is a way to extract the energy from the heat, the energy will always be available Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html

Geothermal energy

Advantages

- Smaller carbon footprint and environmentally friendly  Remarkable difference of environmental effects compared to fossil fuels  Most hardware used to extract geothermal energy is underground  Minimal use of surface (http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/enviroment.shtmlNorthern Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27) Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html

Advantages

- Lower cost  Easy to operate  Open up economy  Much more efficient use of land

Geothermal energy

Power Source

Geothermal Nuclear Coal

Land Requirement (ac/mW)

1-8 5-10 19 (http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/enviroment.shtml> Northern Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27) Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html

Geothermal energy

Disadvantages

- Fluids drawn from the deep earth carry a mixture of gases - Pollutants contribute to global warming and acid rain - Construction of Plants can adversely affect land stability - Sources may hold trace amounts of toxic chemicals/mineral deposits - Loud Noises - Initial start up cost (expensive) Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html

How it works

- Geothermal power plant

Geothermal energy

http://drpinna.com/geothermal-energy-get-some-at-your-gas-station-27882

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

- Sources

1

1 2 3 4 5 6

NO NON FOSSIL ENERGY 2

Hydro Geothermal Mini/Micro Hydro Biomass Solar Energy Wind Energy 7 Uranium *) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan **) non energy, only for research

RESOURCES (SD) 3

75,670 MW 29,038 MW 769.69 MW 49,810 MW 4.80 kWh/m 2 /day 3 – 6 m/s 3,000 MW *)

INSTALLED CAPACITY (KT) 4

6,654.29 MW 1,226 MW 228.983 MW 1,618.40 MW 22.45 MW 1.87 MW 30 MW **)

RATIO KT/SD (%) 5 = 4/3

8,8% 4,2% 29,75% 3,25 % 1.00

Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

Geothermal energy

Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

- Current status (2010)

2,90 % Feasibility Study/Ready to Develop (8 locations) 32,61 % Detail

±

Gradient Temp (90 locations)

2,54 % Installed (7 locations)

7,97% Preliminary Survey (22 locations) 53,99 % Reconnaissance (149 locations)

Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

Geothermal Potential is more than 28.000 MW Installed Capacities is 1196 MW:

Darajat – 260 MW (2005: 150 MW) Dieng – 60 MW (2005: 60 MW) Kamojang – 200MW (2005: 140 MW) Gunung Salak – 377MW (2005: 345MW) Sibayak – 12MW (2005: 2 MW) Lahendong – 60 MW (2005: 20 MW) Wayang Windu – 227MW (2005: 110 MW).

Some direct use are under research program and some others are in utilized Geothermal Road Map : increase to 9500 MW on 2025 Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

Geothermal direct use        Palm sugar processing in Lahendong Copra drying in Lahendong, Mataloko and Wai Ratai Lampung, Mushroom cultivation in Kamojang and Pengalengan, Tea drying and pasteurization in Pengalengan. Fish farming in Lampung.

Balneology, spas No heat Pump use so far Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

Masarang Palm Sugar Processing in Lahendong, North Sulawesi . Steam consumption : 4 ton/hrs Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

Geothermal road map 2004 - 2025

2004 2008 2010 2012 822 MW (production) 2000 MW 3442 MW

Geothermal energy

2016 4600 MW 2020 6000 MW (target) 2025 9000 MW (target) 2004 1193 MW Existing WKP 1442 MW Existing WKP 2008 2010 1196 MW Existing WKP 2012 1158 MW Existing WKP + New WKP 1400 MW New WKP 2016 2020 2025 Geothermal Road - map

Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy

OIL Primary Energy Year 2025 (BaU Scenario) 2008

(148 TWh) HYDRO

COAL OIL GAS GAS COAL GEOTHERMAL HYDRO 2018 (365 TWh) Primary Energy Year 2025 (Scenarion PD No.5/2006) GEOTHERMAL GROWTH GAS HYDRO COAL

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

Barriers        Availability of good quality data Delay of project development, Bureaucracy, Lack of Power Plant Maintenance, The liability of the transmission line and infrastructure Human capital on geothermal industry Energy diversification is inconsistence Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

Opportunities     Robust electricity demand growth Indonesia energy policy-Renewable prioritized, 10 thousands MW electricity accelerating project (Government Regulation No. 5 Year 2006, and GR No. 4/2010) Indonesia has the largest inventory of undeveloped Geothermal resources in the world (40%) Geothermal price can be competitive and affordable Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy in Indonesia

Development challenges          Competitiveness of Geothermal Energy Price; Continuing Subsidy of Fossil Fuel Price; Political Will to Intensify Geothermal Energy Utilization; Shortage of Competence Human Resources; Absence of Technology and Research & Development Supports; Lack of renewable incentives; Absence of Integrated Energy Planning; Lack of Information and Publicity on Indonesia’ Geothermal Potency and Benefits; and Low Environmental Awareness.

Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR

Solar Energy

The ultimate energy resource

• Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun.

• Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).

Bhavik Shah, Solar Energy: The Ultimate Renewable Resource, http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/

Advantages

• Ultimate and free resource (sun) • Does not harmful environmental (no emission gas) • Can be used in remote areas • make absolutely no noise at all • Very little maintenance is needed

Solar Energy

Solar Energy

Advantages

• Comparative life-cycle CO 2 emissions

Energy source

Coal

CO

2

/ kWe

1.4 – 3.6

Natural gas PV solar Thermal solar 0.6 – 2.0

0.07 – 0.18

0.08 – 0.20

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-solar-power.html

Solar Energy

Disadvantages

• High initial installation cost of solar cell and solar panel • Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to sunlight • Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity.

How much solar energy can be absorbed?

Solar Energy

• The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.

http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~kotliar/honors/honsem02/somalwar/HonSem02

Solar energy uses

Solar Energy

http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/photovoltaic.html

Solar energy uses

Solar Energy

www.rainbowtradingpost.co.uk

www.urbanoptions.org/RenewableEnergy

Solar Energy

Solar energy uses as electricity generator

Photovoltaic (PV) Concentrating solar thermal (CST)

greenoptions.com

www.renewableenergyaccess.com

Solar energy uses as electricity generator

Solar Energy

Solar Energy

Concerns associated with PV and Solar Cell

 Heavy investment.

 High-latitude areas receive relatively little sunshine.

 Solar unreliable at night, during winter, and during cloudy periods.

 Storage difficult; relies on batteries that may leak chemicals.

 Some PV cells use heavy metals - toxic and difficult to recycle.

 Solar farms require much land, currently between 5 and 10 acres / megawatt.

http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html

Solar energy

Solar energy in Indonesia

- Sources

1

1 2 3 4 5 6

NO NON FOSSIL ENERGY 2

Hydro Geothermal Mini/Micro Hydro Biomass Solar Energy Wind Energy 7 Uranium *) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan **) non energy, only for research

RESOURCES (SD) 3

75,670 MW 29,038 MW 769.69 MW 49,810 MW 4.80 kWh/m 2 /day 3 – 6 m/s 3,000 MW *) 112.000 GW

INSTALLED CAPACITY (KT) 4

6,654.29 MW 1,226 MW 228.983 MW 1,618.40 MW 22.45 MW 1.87 MW 30 MW **)

RATIO KT/SD (%) 5 = 4/3

8,8% 4,2% 29,75% 3,25 % 1.00

Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung

Target in 2025

1. Less than 1 for energy elasticity 2. Optimized primary energy mix

Solar energy

CURRENT ENERGI MIX (1 million BOE) National (Primary) Energy Mix

Hydro Power, 3.11% Geothermal, 1.32% Natural Gas, 28.57% Oil 51.66% Coal, 15.34%

National (Primary) Energy Mix of 2025 (BaU Scenario) (5 million BOE)

Power Plant, 1.9% Mini/micro Hydro Power Plant, 0.1% Geothermal, 1.1% Gas, 20.6% Oil, 41.7% Coal 34.6%

OPTIMIZING ENERGY MANAGEMENT National Energy Mix 2025 (3 million BOE) (Presidential Decree No. 5/2006)

Oil, 20% Gas, 30% Coal , 33% RE,17% BIOFUELS, 5% Geothermal, 5% Biomass, Nuclear, Hydro Solar Energy, Wind Power, 5% Coal Liquefaction 2%

Solar energy

Jenis Energi Unit Bio-diesel Kilo liter Bio-ethanol Bio oil Biomassa : Waste Geothermal Wind Power Solar Energy Barel per hari Kilo liter MW MW MW MW Microhydro MW

Based on the Blueprint of National Energy Management

2010 1.160.000

42.860

244.000

30 1.320

10 80 450 2015 2020 2025 3.000.000

11.800.000

4.160.000

48.110

257.000

60 4.340

40 100 740 55.340

627.000

120 5.090

80 120 950 60.320

4.863.000

200 5.270

160 580 950

NO 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

NON FOSSIL ENERGY 2

Hydro Geothermal Mini/Micro Hydro Biomass Solar Energy Wind Energy Uranium *) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan **) non energy, only for research

Wind energy

RESOURCES (SD) 3

75,670 MW 29,038 MW 769.69 MW 49,810 MW 4.80 kWh/m 2 /day 3 – 6 m/s 3,000 MW *)

INSTALLED CAPACITY (KT) 4

6,654.29 MW 1,226 MW 228.983 MW 1,618.40 MW 22.45 MW 1.87 MW 30 MW **)

RATIO KT/SD (%) 5 = 4/3

8,8% 4,2% 29,75% 3,25 % 1.00

Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung

KESDM, 2008

Wind energy

How does it work?

Wind energy

http://fredzidd.myweb.uga.edu/EDIT/6190/project/ae_wind_turbine.htm

How does it work?

Wind energy

http://smknews.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/wind_energy.jpg