Transcript Railway Signalling Power – Economic and Performance

Railway Signalling Power –
Economic and Performance
Enhancements for Tomorrow’s
Railway
Simon Hua
Date 14.11.11
Railway Signalling Power – Economic and Performance
Enhancements for Tomorrow’s Railway
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Introduction – Times of Austerity
• 2010/2011 – Signalling and power supply failures – 700,000
delay minutes – loss of:
£21 million.
2011 – 2019 – ORR has set a challenge to Network Rail to save
£1 billion / year.
• How can Railway Signalling Power provide cost savings?
By the use of Class II Cables and Equipment.
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Content
• IT Earthing Systems
• Legacy IT Systems
• Application of EaWR 1989
• Existing IT Systems
• Proposed IT Systems
• Summary
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IT Earthing
Systems
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IT Earthing System – Single Line
Diagram
•Back up supplies using:
-Generator and/or
-Uninterruptable Power
Supplies (UPS).
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IT Earthing System – High Impedance
to Earth
• Isolation transformer at PSP provides high impedance
between line conductors and earth – BS7671 Reg. 411.6.1.
• Typically:
– 400V/400V in former Southern Region.
– 400V/650V in former Western Region.
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IT Earthing System – Touch Voltage
• Touch Voltage (UC) compliance required under:
Normal Conditions – UC ≤ Permanent Condition.
1st PEFC – UC ≤ Permanent Condition.
2nd PEFC ≤ Temporary or Short Time Conditions UC.
• Maximum UC – BS7671 411.6.2:
RA x Id ≤ 50V.
• Leniency on Permanent UC – BS-EN-50122-1 Reg. 7.2:
RA x Id ≤ 60V.
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IT Earthing System – 1st PEFC
• Event of a 1st PEFC at the end of the FSP:
UC = 1st PEFC x RE
where R = RE + RL2 + RTx + RL1 + RTx
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IT Earthing System Characteristics
• PROS:
– Survival of 1st PEFC without disconnection of supply – High
Availability Score.
– Low 1st PEFC equates to low fire risk – High Safety and
Reliability Score.
• CONS:
– UC reliant on earth electrode (RE).
– Low RE challenging to achieve & maintain. Variable with
weather & ground conditions.
– Compliant UC for is difficult to achieve.
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Legacy IT System
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Legacy IT System – What is Class I?
• Class I is:
– Used for Legacy and Existing IT Systems.
– Basic Protection against direct contact ONLY.
– Form of equipment construction with basic layer of insulation
against electric shock.
– Exposed-conductive parts bonded via protective conductor.
• Therefore, provision for Fault Protection against indirect contact
required by other means. Either Automatic Disconnection of
Supply (ADS) or Double or Reinforced Insulation (Class II).
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Legacy IT System Characteristics
• Adopted by British Rail and Railtrack until 1999.
• Accounts for circa. 90% of signalling power systems.
• Equipment:
– Basic Insulation with Class I equipment.
• Cable:
– Stranded copper or aluminium cores.
– Single rubber or ethylene-propylene-rubber (EPR) sheath.
– Troughing (with lids) or directly buried in the ground or laid
at the trackside.
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Legacy IT System – 2nd PEFC
• Event of a 2nd PEFC at the PSP:
UC = 2nd PEFC x RE
where R = RL1 + RE2 + REA + RE1
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Legacy IT System – Non-compliance
Issues
• Evolution of electrical standards creates non-compliances.
• Availability of supply imperative.
• Non-compliance issues:
– No form of Fault Protection against indirect contact.
– High REA means Low 2nd PEFC.
– Automatic Disconnection of Supply (ADS) difficult in 0.04
seconds.
• BR924 high inrush transformers (15x – 20x or greater).
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Application of
EaWR
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Application of EaWR 1989
•
Electricity at Work Regulation (EaWR) 1989 is supported by
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Compliance with both is
compulsory.
•
EaWR 1989 advocates BS7671.
•
EaWR 1989 key principles for an electrical installation:
– fit for its intended operational function.
– safe during normal operation when faults occur.
•
Legacy IT Systems compliance issue – No fault protection.
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Existing IT System
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Existing IT System Characteristics
• Accounts for circa. 10% of signalling power systems.
• Key difference – Distribution of integral or separate 3rd core as:
– supplementary equipotential bond (SEB) prior to 1st PEFC.
– circuit protective conductor (CPC) after 1st PEFC.
• Equipment:
– Basic Insulation with Class I equipment.
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Existing IT System Characteristics
• Cable:
– Stranded copper or aluminium cores.
– Insulated with cross-linked-polyethylene (XLPE).
– Steel-wire-armoured (SWA).
– Poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) sheath.
– Troughing (with lids) only.
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Existing IT System – 2nd PEFC
• Event of a 2nd PEFC at the PSP:
UC = 2nd PEFC x RE
Z = RL1 + RCPC
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Existing IT System – Compliant
Solution…
• Compliant System as provision provided for fault protection:
– EaWR 1989 key principles achieved.
– CPC results in High 2nd PEFC.
– ADS achievable.
• UC for ‘Temporary Condition’ ADS time:
– 65V = 5 seconds.
• UC for ‘Short Time Conditions’ ADS times:
– 650V = 0.2 seconds (approx.)
– 400V = 0.3 to 0.4 seconds (approx.)
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Existing IT System – … At a Cost.
• However, arguably:
Low Availability Score – Provision of ADS.
Low Maintainability Score – Additional assets to maintain
(CPC, SWA, EPR, IMD).
Low Safety Score – Susceptible non-compliant UC
(deteriorating equipment conditions) & exportation of faults.
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EPRs/Programmable MCCBs and IMDs
• Electronic Protection Relay
• Insulation Monitoring Devices
(EPR) and Programmable
(IMD):
Moulded Case Circuit Breakers
– Cable insulation will
(MCCB):
deteriorate over 35 year
– Programmable I-t curves
service life.
means faster ADS times.
– Monitors cable insulation for
– Negates UC calculation.
1st PEFCs.
Design cost savings.
– Alerts and alarms are
– Cable CSA reduction by up
issued in the reduced
to 70% (120mm2 to 35mm2).
operation and imminent
Cable cost savings.
failure.
– Simplifies installation.
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– Requirement of BS7671 Reg.
411.6.3.1.
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Proposed IT
System
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Proposed IT System – What is Class II?
• Class II is:
– Basic Protection against direct contact.
– Fault Protection against indirect contact.
– Form of equipment construction provides safety by design.
– Basic and supplementary layer of insulation against
electric shock.
– No electrical requirements to bond exposed metallic parts.
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Proposed IT System Characteristics
• Typically used as a final circuit:
• Innovative railway solution with distribution of Class II.
• Key Principles of Proposed IT System:
– All equipment enclosures and cables meet Class II.
– Compliant with BS7671 Section 412.
– UC ≤ 60V.
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Proposed IT System – 2nd PEFC
• Event of a 2nd PEFC at the PSP:
UC = 2nd PEFC x RE
where R = RL1 + RE2 + REA + RE1
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Proposed IT System Fault Protection
(2nd PEFC)
• To adhere to EaWR 1989 key principles for an electrical
installation:
– fit for its intended operational function.
– safe during normal operation when faults occur.
‘Risk of single insulation failure and to a greater extent
double insulation failure on a different conductor reduced
by construction (intrinsic Class II design) to ALARP.’
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Proposed IT System Benefits
• Class II benefits include:
High Reliability (and Safety) Score – Low 2nd PEFC equates to
low fire risk.
High Availability Score – no ADS provision.
High Maintainability Score – Fewer assets to maintain.
High Safety Score – No exportation of faults.
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Proposed IT System Cable
Characteristics
• Enhanced Unarmoured Cable:
– Internal identification tape.
– Rodent protection.
– Low fire affected smoke & corrosive gas emission.
– XLPE insulation.
– PVC sheath.
– Both insulation and sheath are up to 2.1 times BS7889:1997
results in stronger than SWA cable.
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Proposed IT System Standards
• Key Class II Standard – NR/L2/ELP/27410 Issue 1.
• Applicable to:
– Class II Cables – NR/L2/ELP/27408 Issue 1.
– Class II Switchgears Assembly – NR/L2/ELP/27409 Issue 1.
– Class II Transformers – NR/L2/SIG/30007 Issue 2.
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Economical
Benefits
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Economical Benefits of Class II
•
Performance of Proposed IT System to reduce train delay
minutes due to Improved Availability.
•
Cable costs savings:
– 35% 3rd core CPC.
£26 Million
– 26% SWA.
– 67 Type A projects (2011-2019).
– Increasing cost of copper (5x over last 13 years).
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Economical Benefits of Class II
•
Copper theft reduction with removal of CPC.
– Cost to railways over last 3 years:
– 16,000 train delay minutes.
£43 Million
– Increasing problem – 8 cable thefts a day.
– Less incentive.
Also:
•
Reduced maintenance with fewer assets.
•
Reduced design complexity.
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Summary
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Summary – PRAMS Score
IT
System
Performance
Reliability
Availability
Maintainability
Safety
Legacy
2.1
1.5
3
2
2
Existing
1.3
2
1
1
1
Proposed
2.9
2.5
3
3
3
•Scores are rated out of 3.
•Performance scores taken as an average of RAMS scores.
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Thanks to…
•
Ron Checkman – Network Rail,
•
Richard Allen – Network Rail,
•
Tahir Ayub – Network Rail,
•
Andrew Button – Network Rail,
•
Richard Dunsford – Network Rail,
•
John Alexander – Network Rail,
•
Graeme Christmas – Network Rail,
•
Pete Duggan – Invensys,
•
Mark O’Neill – Atkins.
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Any further questions?
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