Transcript Imperialism Q’s and Answers

Imperialism Q’s and Answers
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Definition
• Imperialism:
--one country takes control of another
--empire-building
Motivations
• Economic
--Natural Resources
--Naval bases
--Raw Materials
--New markets for
industrial products
--Overpopulation—more
jobs available in
colonies
• Cultural
--Source of troops for
bigger armies
--Spread of western
civilization: Social
Darwinism, “White
Man’s Burden”
--Spread of Christianity
--Medical help,
education
Scramble for Africa:
European Advantages
Technology:
• Maxim gun—automatic
machine gun
• Steam engine—for travel
into African interior
• Telegraph
Medical Advances:
• Quinine—to control
malaria
Scramble for Africa:
Vulnerable to Conquest
• Huge variety of
languages and
cultures
• Wars between
ethnic groups over
land, water, and
trade rights
Scramble for Africa:
Berlin Conference
• By 1914, Europeans
controlled the entire
African continent except
for Liberia (protected by
the U.S.) and Ethiopia
• Cash crops replaced
food crops grown by
farmers to feed their
families
Scramble for Africa:
South Africa
Three groups that clashed
over land and resources in
South Africa
• Zulus—led by Shaka Zulu
• British
• Boers (Dutch)—also
called Afrikaaners
Scramble for Africa: Boer War
Outcomes of Boer War
• Britain won the war
• Union of South Africa
was created, controlled
by the British
• Key words: Cecil
Rhodes, Shaka Zulu,
Cape Colony, apartheid
Imperialism Case Study:
Benefits to colonized people
• Reduced local warfare
• Improved sanitation
• Improved hospitals and schools
--increased life spans
--increased literacy rates
• Economic expansion
• Constructed railroads, dams,
telephone and telegraph lines
Imperialism Case Study:
Negative Consequences
• Colonized people lost control of land and
independence
• New diseases (smallpox)
• Deaths from war, resistance, famine
• Loss of culture
• Artificial boundaries without regard to
ethnic rivalries or allegiances led to
longlasting political problems
U.S. Economic Imperialism:
“Colossus of the North”
• 7.
• 8.
• 9.
Egypt: Suez Canal
Built by the French and
Egyptians 1854-1869.
Egypt sold its share to
Britain because of overwhelming debt resulting
from construction costs.
Imperialism Case Study: Egypt
• Imperialists: French, then British
• Methods: Economic Imperialism
• Outcomes: Egypt lost control of Suez
Canal
Imperialism Case Study: Algeria
• Algerians waged active military resistance
against the French (lasted for 50 years)
• French ultimately controlled much of North
and West Africa
Imperialism: Algeria
• French Maintained Direct
Control
--paternalism—treating
indigenous people like
parents treat children
--assimilation—based on
the idea that indigenous
people would adopt
European culture and
become like the Europeans
Imperialism: Liberia
• Influenced, but not
controlled, by US
• Created as a country
for freed American
slaves
• Maintained
independence, but has
endured decades of
crisis/turmoil
Imperialism: Ethiopia
• Successfully resisted European
imperialism when King Menelik II
--played British, French and
Italians against each other
--built up arsenal of modern
weapons
--defeated Italians in Battle of
Adowa
--modernized Ethiopia
Leopold II
• Belgian King
• Personal owner of
Congo
• Terrible abuses of
Congolese
• Natural Resource:
Rubber
• William Sheppard
British Imperialism in India:
How did they gain/maintain control?
• Mughal Empire collapses; East India Co. gains control of
India
• British establish a railroad network in India to transport
raw materials and manufactured goods; India becomes
increasingly valuable to British
• British force emphasis on cash crops; cause famine;
villagers no longer self-sufficient
• Sepoy Mutiny occurs and uprisings spread over much of
northern India; British gov’t took direct control of India
British Imperialism in India:
Outcomes
Effects
• Nationalism grew in India, along with calls for
modernization and westernization
• Indians form Indian National Congress, which calls for
self-government
• British partition Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections;
Indians find it more difficult to gain independence
because they were divided
Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
• Death of Suleyman—led to corrupt and weak
sultans;
• Rise of Nationalism—Ottoman territories
began declaring independence (Greece and
Serbia)
• Geopolitics—world powers attracted to
strategic location of Ottoman Empire;
• Discovery of oil in Persia—Persia sold
concessions to western businesses
Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
• Policies European nations used to gain
control of Muslim lands
-- tried to win favor from Ottomans/
Muslims
-- alliances with enemies of Ottomans/
Muslims
-- war with Ottomans/Muslims
Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
• Crimean War—
– Causes: Russia wanted access to Black Sea
for warm-weather port
– Outcomes: Unclear winner of war; Ottomans
lost territory to Russia; revealed Ottoman
weakness and started decline of Ottomans
Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America
Who were the Imperialists?
Originally Spain, then the U.S.
How did the US gain/maintain control?
Economic Imperialism
▪US Businesses established holdings in Cuba
▪ 1898 Spanish-American War: When Cubans fought
Spanish for independence, US supported their fight
(probably more self-interested than concerned for
oppressed Cubans)
Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America
• U.S. feared that European powers would try to reconquer Latin American countries—issued
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
• The U.S. built the Panama Canal
OUTCOMES
U.S. installed military government in Cuba and
exerted control over Cuban affairs; Puerto Rico,
Guam and the Philippines became U.S. territories
Economic Imperialism:
• Used primarily by US, for example in Latin
America:
• 1. Paid workers w/ vouchers to be used only at
company stores, forced workers into debt w/
high prices; debt passed to next generation
• 2. Land distributed unequally—only wealthy
landowners had property
• 3. Military leaders gained fame/power during
struggles for independence and controlled new
nations as military dictators (caudillos)
U.S. Economic Imperialism:
Foreign Trade
• 4. Latin American exports grew with steamship
and railroads and refrigeration
• 5. Foreign countries lent money to Latin
American governments for building facilities for
export industries; when they couldn’t pay back
loans, the foreign countries took over the
facilities and industries
• 6. They didn’t invest in infrastructure or fund
programs for self-sufficiency.
China Resists Outside Influence
Opium War
Cause
• British established
Opium trade in China,
leading to widespread
addiction, and refused
to end this drug trade
Effect
• China suffered humiliating
defeat—forced to sign
Treaty of Nanjing
• Britain got Hong Kong
• Treaty Ports established
China Resists:
Taiping Rebellion
Cause
• Dramatic population
growth
• Widespread hunger
• Increased opium
addiction
• Rebellion against Qing
Dynasty
Effect
• Taiping army took control
of southeastern China
• Captured Nanjing—
declared capital
• Feuding among Taiping
rulers
• Taiping government falls
in 1864
• 20 million died
China Resists: Selfstrengthening movement
Cause
• Taiping Rebellion and
other resistance caused
internal pressure on Qing
government
Effect
• Tried to update education
system, diplomatic
service and military with
mixed results
• Foreign nations gained
increasing control over
China’s economy
• Established spheres of
influence
China Resists:
Open Door Policy
Cause
• As Spheres of Influence
are established, U.S.
worries that it will be shut
out if European nations
establish formal colonies
Effect
• China’s “doors” open to
all foreign traders
• Policy protected U.S.
trade rights in China and
protected China from
colonization
• China still under control
of foreign powers
China Resists: Boxer Rebellion
Cause
• Growing frustration with
Chinese loss of power to
European powers
• Qing Dynasty (Dowager
Empress) refuses to allow
reform
• Peasants resented
privileges granted to
foreigners
• Resented Chinese
Christians
Effect
• International force of
19,000 troops marched
on Beijing and defeated
the Boxers
• Strong sense of
nationalism emerged in
China
• Dowager empress slowly
began reforms
• Five decades of unrest
Modernization in Japan
• American motive—to convince Japanese
to open their ports to trade
• U.S. benefits—U.S. could use two ports
• Meiji modernization—
--a. studied western gov’t and culture;
--b. adopted best aspects of western
civilization;
--c. modernized the military;
--d. universal public education;
--e. industrialization
Modernization in Japan
• Korea—Both Japan and China
wanted trade and military posts in
Korea
• Sino-Japanese War—China sent
troops to help Korea’s king put
down a rebellion, violating its treaty
with Japan
• S-J War Consequences—Japan
drove Chinese out of Korea,
destroyed Chinese navy, gained
territory in Manchuria; Japan
gained first colonies
Modernization in Japan
• Causes of Russo-Japanese War-Russia refused to stay out of Korea,
Japan refused to recognize Russian
rights in Manchuria; Japan attacked
Russia
• Consequences—Japan forced
Russia out of Korea, captured
Russia’s Pacific fleet, destroyed
Russia’s Baltic fleet
• Ruling Korea—Harsh rulers: shut
down Korean newspapers, took over
schools, took land, prohibited
Koreans business
Imperialism in SE Asia
Lands Claimed
Impact of Colonization
1. Dutch E. India Co.
Major Products
Indonesia—Malacca,
Java, Sumatra,
Borneo, Celebes,
Moluccas, Bali
Oil, tin, rubber
2. British
Immigration Policy
Singapore, Malaysia,
Burma
Encouraged Chinese to move to
Malaysia (needed labor); Malays
became minority in own country
3. French
Method of Management
Indochina (today—
Vietnam, Cambodia,
Laos)
Direct colonial management—
French filled all important
positions in government
4. Americans
Method of Management
Philippines, Hawaii
Direct—forced local leaders from
power; prepared Philippines for
independence, annexed Hawaii
• Economies grew based on
cash crops
• Roads, harbors, rail
systems improved
communication and
transportation (but mostly
benefited European
businesses)
• Education, health,
sanitation improved
• Tried to subjugate people
• Cultural change—gov’t,
industry, agriculture
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
• Santa Anna—1821 fought for
independence from Spain and
in 1829 fought to keep Spain
from retaking control;
• Became Mexico’s president
four times (1833-1855);
• Lost Texas and California to
the U.S. in Mexican-American
War (1845-48);
• Exiled—returned to Mexico
poor, blind, powerless,
forgotten (1874)
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
• Benito Juarez—poor
Zapotec Indian, gained
education, law degree;
• Started liberal reform
movement, La Reforma
(1840s-50s);
• Became president 186172;
• Legacy of peace,
progress and reform
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
• Porfirio Diaz—noted military
general;
• Took control of Mexico in
military coup 1876-1911;
• Offered land, power, and
favors to supporters and
terrorized opponents;
• Elections became
meaningless; rich got richer
and the poor got poorer.
Turmoil and Change in Mexico:
Mexican Revolution
• Francisco Madero—ran for
president, arrested by Diaz;
• Called for Revolution;
• Won election after Diaz stepped
down 1911-1913
• Replaced by military leader
Victoriano Huerta, who likely
was responsible for Madero’s
assassination
Turmoil and Change in Mexico:
Mexican Revolution
Emiliano
Zapata—led
army in
southern
Mexico;
called for
reform,
“Land and
Liberty”
Pancho Villa
—led army in
northern
Mexico;
“Robin Hood”
—stole from
rich to give
to poor
Overthrew Huerta to put
Venustiano Carranza in
power.
Turmoil and Change in Mexico:
Mexican Revolution
Venustiano Carranza—
overthrew Huerta’s government,
Turned his army on Villa and
Zapata (his former allies);
Began revising Mexico’s
constitution
Civil War ended with more than
1 million Mexican people dead.
The White Man’s Burden
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William Sheppard
William Sheppard