Transcript Comparative Survey of Integrated Participatory and

Linking Participation,
Vulnerability & Sustainable
Development
Timothy Downs, D.Env.
Professor and Coordinator
Environmental Science & Policy Program
Department of International Development, Community, & Environment
(IDCE)
George Perkins Marsh Research Institute
Clark University, Worcester, Mass. USA.
AIACC Workshop on Climate Change Vulnerability & Adaptation
Trieste June 2002
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1. Participation Overview
Topics covered in overview:
Marginalization, poverty reduction strategies, participatory
poverty assessment (PPA), costs/benefits of participation, levels
of participation, participatory rural appraisal (PRA), stakeholder
analysis, participatory diagnostic study (PDS), participatory
monitoring and evaluation (PME), understanding resistance to
change, stages of conflict, conflict mitigation.
Major reference: IFAD , ANGOC and IIRR (2001). Enhancing ownership and sustainability: A resource book on participation.
International Fund for Agricultural Development, Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, and
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction.
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2. Risk and Policy Analysis
under Uncertainty
•multi-criteria decision making,
qualitative and quantitative indicators,
weighting
•uncertainty, risk analysis and
environmental impact assessment
(EIA)
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3. Case Study
A Participatory Integrated Capacity Building
Approach to Sustainable Environmental
Management and Vulnerability Mitigation in
Mexico
Watershed Context
Marginalized Communities
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Part 1. Context
Sustainable Development
“[Development which] meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.”
Our Common Future, 1987
Long on rhetoric…..very short on practice. Our practical
experience of sustainability is very limited. But we do have
a good experience of unsustainable practices to draw on.
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Prerequisites for a Sustainability Culture
•Ethics that value ecological integrity and respond to
intra- and inter-generational equity
•Productive social interaction – facilitates ‘winwin’ and ‘mutual gains’ collaborations
•Knowledge integration – all types are needed
(anecdotal, indigenous, exogenous)
(Source: Downs 2000)
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Agenda 21 Components of Sustainable Development
Compatible
Trade &
Environment
Policies
Poverty
Reduction
Policies
Sustainable
Development
of Energy
Resources
Sustainable
Consumption
Improvement
of Public
Health
Sustainable
Development
of Settlements
indirect
link
Sustainability
of Water
Resources
Supply &
Sanitation
Marine &
Coastal Zone
Protection &
Development
Atmosphere
Protection
Management
of Population
Growth
Integrated
Land
Resources
Planning &
Management
Reducing
Deforestation
/ Sustainable
Forest
Development
Managing
Fragile
Ecosystems
strong direct
link
Integrated
Decision Making
& Stakeholder
Participation
Sound
Management
of Solid
Waste and
Sewage
Sound
Management
of Chemicals
& Toxic
Wastes
Promoting
Sustainable
Agriculture &
Rural
Development
Conserving
Biodiversity
& Ecosystem
Health
Sound
Development of
Biotechnology
Agenda 21 was descriptively strong but operationally weak
(source: Downs 2001)
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Global Water Context
Allocating and Managing Water for a Sustainable Future
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Water is the most basic survival and prosperity need of organisms,
including humans
Water access is a fundamental determinant of human and ecological
health
Water is a primary driver and key factor to sustainable human
development
Improving management of water resources is a global priority with
half of the world’s 6 billion people population lacking adequate
sanitation, 1.2 billion without safe water supply, and predictions that
without improvement two of every three people will be under water
stress by 2025.
There are ever- stronger calls for integrated approaches (knowledge
and disciplines), participatory approaches (stakeholder interests) and
capacity building to mitigate these imperatives.
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Dublin Principles
(International Conference on Water and the Environment, 1992)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential
to sustain life, development and the environment.
Water development and management should be based on
a participatory approach, involving users, planners and
policy-makers at all levels.
Women play a central part in the provision, management
and safeguarding of water.
Water has an economic value in all its competing uses
and should be recognized as an economic good.
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An Evolving Method for More Sustainable
Water Management:
Integrated Watershed Management (IWM)
• Seeks to combine interests, priorities, and disciplines as a
multi-stakeholder planning and management process for
natural resources within the watershed ecosystem, centered
on water.
• Driven bottom-up by local needs and priorities, and topdown by regulatory responsibilities.
• Must be adaptive, and evolving dynamically with changing
conditions.
Note: we view sustainability as a relative dynamic state to be
improved or degraded not an absolute one to be achieved
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“Integrated Water Resource Management has neither been
unambiguously defined nor has the question of how it is to be
implemented been fully addressed. What has to be integrated and
how is it best done? Can the broad principles of IWRM be
operationalized in practice—and, if so, how?”
United Nations Global Water Partnership, Technical Advisory Committee, 2000.
Heathcote (1998) Systems Approach:
• Develop comprehensive, accurate,
thorough, and up to date
Watershed Inventory
• Problem Definition and Scoping
• Consultation
• Developing Workable
Management Options
• Planning and Implementation
Integrated Watershed Management:
Principles & Practice
Reimold et al. (1998) Ecological
Approach:
• Stakeholder involvement
• Ecosystem management units
• Coordinated management
activities
• Management schedule
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New Thinking
Socio-economic dimensions of Sustainable
Development Practice
Subject to physical and ecological constraints
Subject to economic constraints
Development
Sectors
Z. Development sector
interaction: water resources
management and sanitation, soil
resources management,
biodiversity resources
management, agricultural
production, energy production,
health care, education,
industrial production
Subject to political will
X. Socio-political interaction
“multi-stakeholders”:
“Community”, citizens,
taxpayers, users, customers;
Public providers of goods,
services and resources;
Private providers of goods
services and resources;
Academic providers of new
knowledge and information.
Ethical and
practical
imperative
stimulates XYZ
dynamics
Y. Technical discipline interaction – e.g. doctors and nurses, engineers,
architects and urban planners, social scientists and natural scientists,
lawyers, politicians, teachers, researchers.
Subject to knowledge, information and communication constraints
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Any innovative IWM process must be mapped onto
a typical project cycle
1. Preplanning.
Concepts
and social
organization
2. Strategic
Analysis.
Needs and
baseline
conditions
3. Planning
and Design.
Management
options and
work plans
Strong analysis and planning is evident
in IWM but….
4. Implementation.
Priority actions first
then others follow
5. Operation &
Maintenance.
Performance
monitoring and
adaptation to
changes
Weak implementation and
monitoring experience to date
But some sustainability energy is
missing……What makes IWM sustainable?
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Capacity building
“the sum of the efforts needed to develop,
enhance and utilize the skills of people and
institutions to follow a path of sustainable
development.” (UNDP 2001)
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Critical capacity building components necessary
to for sustainable water supply and sanitation:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
strengthening political and financial support
strengthening human resources: education, training and
awareness building
strengthening information resources: monitoring, data
integration and interpretation for informed decisionmaking;
strengthening regulations and compliance;
strengthening basic infrastructure for water supply and
sanitation;
strengthening the market for water and sanitation
products and services (water as an economic good, equitably
priced, subsidized for the poor).
(Downs 2001)
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Synergistic, interdependent components
must become integrated – integrated capacity
building (ICB)
VI. Local enterprise development
V. Infrastructure and technology
IV. Policy making and regulation
III. Information resources
II. Education and awareness-raising
I. Political and financial support
Still something missing……………….
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Stakeholder Participation
Who?
•Community/Residential water users
•Community/Industrial water users
•Community/Agricultural water users
•Government regulators (local, state, federal)
•Scientists and engineers
•Providers of products and services
•NGOs (rep. biodiversity interests)
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Participation – Why?
•Those directly affected by water problems must
become owners of those problems and owners of the
solutions
•Integrated approaches – IWM + ICB – depend on
the infusion of different perspectives, priorities,
interests, skills, disciplines
So ICB becomes PICB, ‘P” for participatory
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How? – Community-based PICB
Federal Government needs,
policies
Bottom-up meets topdown dynamics
Government as
advisor for, and
facilitator of, PICB
Local needs and policies
•Community-based approaches – center of gravity at center of
needs, interests
•Nexus of local knowledge and existing capacities
•Community-based approaches weather political change
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Ways forward in the field
A PICB pilot project is being developed in Mexico to co-manage five
priority topics of hydo-ecological vulnerability:
1.
Safe water supply
2.
Wastewater (and solid waste) sanitation
3.
Water-related health risk mitigation (control source and exposure)
4.
Soil erosion by runoff
5.
Inefficient irrigation
Economies of scale and common capacity building needs across topics
are exploited.
Rural and peri-urban subsistence communities under semi-arid and humid
conditions are target populations.
The researchers/practitioners and federal government partners are
advisors and facilitators: the community becomes the executive.
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Wrap-up
Combining IWM with PICB has great potential, plus it’s logical
So this new process again reveals the challenges are mainly
cultural:
•Ethical core – values and attitudes respectful of intra- and
inter-generational equity and biodiversity conservation
•Participatory culture – swapping ‘win-lose’ for ‘win-win’;
choosing the philosophy of collaboration and mutual gains
over conflict negotiation and tradeoffs
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