Transcript Slide 1

BEAMS:
 Beams are structural members that can carry transverse
loads which produce bending moments & shear force.
 Girders: Main load carrying members into which floor
beams frame.
 Joists: Members used to carry roofing & floor buildings.
 Lintels: beam members used to carry wall loads over wall
openings.
 Spandrels: Exterior beams at the floor level used to carry
part of floor load and the load due to exterior walls.
Contd.,
BEAMS:
 Beams can be of steel, concrete, timber, etc..
 Concrete beam are weak in tension needs to be
strengthened to take up the tension induced in the bottom
fibers.
 Beam loading consists of dead & live loads.
 When span is small & external load is light, the beam
weight may be quite small.
TYPES OF LOADS
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
STEEL GIRDER AND IT’S APPLICATION
JOISTS
SPANDRELS
COLUMNS:
 Columns are structural elements used
primarily to support compressive loads.
Other names are struts or braces.
 Failure depends on the length of the
member compared to its crosssectional
dimensions.
 If Leff / a ≤ 12,(it is a short column)
 If Leff / a ≥ 12,(it is a long column)
 Leff - effective length of column.
 a – least lateral dimensions of column.
Contd.,
Reinforced concrete columns are of square,
rectangular or circular cross sections.
The load carrying capacity of the column
depends on the strength of the concrete and
steel.
If percentage of steel used is very high then
concrete fails first.
SHORT COLUMN AND LONG COLUMN
LINTELS
A lintel is a horizontal member which is placed
across an opening to support the portion of the
structure above it.
The function of a lintel is same as that of a beam.
 WOOD LINTEL:
A single piece or three pieces bolted together can be
used as a lintel.
A bearing of 150 – 200 mm should be provided on
the wall and it
should be placed on mortar.
The width is equal to the thickness of the opening
and the depth should
be about 1/12 to 1/8 of span.
Contd,
 STONE LINTEL:
 Slabs of stones are placed across the
openings.
 If stones are used as lintels, relieving
arches are to be provided.
 Depth of stone lintel should be at least
1mm per 1cm length of the opening.
 BRICK LINTEL:
 A temporary wood support known as
turning piece is used to construct a brick
lintel
 The depth of lintel must be some multiple
of brick courses.
 Brick lintel is weak
 STEEL LINTEL:
 This consists of steel angles or rolled steel joists.
 The former is used for small spans and the later for
large spans.
 RCC LINTEL:
 RCC lintels are fire proof, durable, strong and easy to
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construct.
The mix ratio is 1:2:4.
PCC lintels can be used up to a span of 800mm.
Sunshades can be easily projected from the lintels.
Flexible DPC must be provided and the toe of the lintel
must be strong.
LINTELS
Mind map