Transcript FossilPlot 1.1 User's Primer

version 1.1
Introduction to FossilPlot
Interactive marine fossil (Sepkoski) database at
http://FossilPlot.org
© Tapanila, 2009
The Database
• John J. Sepkoski Jr. (University of Chicago)
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Database of ~36,000 genera
Lists taxonomy and stratigraphic ranges
Marine animals only
Limitations:
• Few soft-bodied animals
• No plants, algae, fungi, bacteria
• No terrestrial animals
– Used for recognizing evolutionary patterns
Paleography
Important Concepts
Stratigraphic Range
First Appearance Datum (FAD)
Last Appearance Datum (LAD)
Diversity
Origination
Extinction
Relative and Absolute Time
Paleography
Stratigraphic Range: from
FAD to LAD
Extinction
Range
LAD Last Appearance
Datum
Origination
FAD
First Appearance
Datum
Paleography
Diversity:
what was Triassic diversity?
Diversity = 5 genera
Paleography
Origination:
how many Triassic originations?
Originations = 2 genera
Paleography
Extinction:
how many Triassic extinctions?
Extinctions = 1 genus
Paleography
Relative and Absolute time
Relative
Time Interval
•Period
•Epoch
•Age
Example
•Cretaceous 1
•Late Cretaceous
•Maastrichtian
Absolute
Time Interval
45.5 – 65.5 Ma
99.6 – 65.5 Ma
70.6 – 65.5 Ma
What this program does…
• For selected marine group(s)...
– Create DOX graphs
• Diversity
• Origination
• Extinction
– Create Stratigraphic Range Graphs
• For all genera
– Create Period Graphs
– Graph a Sepkoski Curve
For selected marine groups…
• Examples of
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Diversity graph
Origination graph
Extinction graph
Stratigraphic Range
Paleography
Diversity
• FossilPlot calculates
standing diversity as…
– the total number of
genera that occur within
a particular time interval
Triassic through Recent bryozoans
Paleography
Originations
• FossilPlot calculates
originations as…
– the total number of
genera that first appear
during a particular time
interval, i.e. by counting
FADs
Triassic through Recent bryozoans
Paleography
Extinctions
• FossilPlot calculates
extinctions as…
– the total number of
genera that last appear
during a particular time
interval, i.e. by counting
LADs
Triassic through Recent bryozoans
Paleography
Stratigraphic Ranges
FossilPlot displays
stratigraphic range
as…
Individual genera that
exist during all time
intervals, sorted by either
FAD or LAD.
A stratigraphic range graph for the 5816 genera of the Phylum Arthropoda,
sorted by First Appearance Datum (FAD).
How to Create Graphs
• Creating graphs for selected genera
– Diversity
– Originations
– Extinction
– Stratigraphic Range
Creating Graphs: Plot the
Speciation
Bryozoans
1. In the Compendium Search,
select a Phylum.
2. Shift+Click to select both
Classes and populate the
Order box.
3. Click to select one order;
Shift+Click to select
contiguous orders; CTL+Click
to select non-contiguous
orders.
4. Click to Get Genera.*
5. This will population the
Genera box.
* Click to Get Genera will automatically select all genera in a Phylum if no Class
is specified, or all genera in a Class if no Order is specified.
Speciation
Select the Genera to graph.
Select some or all
genera and click on
ADD GENERA to fill
the genus listings.
Speciation
Transfer the data
Click on Graph to begin the
graphing process.
The Graph Options window will open.
Speciation
Determine the Graph Options
Which type of graph do you
need to produce for the genera
you have selected*?
•Diversity
•Origination
•Extinction
•Or DOX (combination)
•Stratigraphic Range
* Period and special graphs plot all genera in the
database, not selected genera.
Create a Diversity, Origination, or
Speciation
Extinction Graph
•Select the DOX type(s)
• Choose Rate or Count
•Count = number of genera
•Rate = number of genera/time
interval*
•Select a Relative time interval OR
•Enter an Absolute time range and
time interval. Time range can be
from 0 to 550; time interval can be
any whole number.
•Select Labels on or off. On is the
default setting.
•Click on Graph
*Rate requires absolute time intervals.
Diversity Graph Results:
Count by Period
Bryozoan Diversity, by Period by Count. Note that the time interval is on the X axis.
Diversity Graph Results:
Rate by Absolute Interval
Bryozoan Diversity, by Rate at 10 MY intervals from 500 MY to 100 MY. Rate is the number of
genera divided by the time interval (in this case, 10 MY).
Create a Stratigraphic Range Graph
Speciation
•Select the Stratigraphic Range
type.
•Sort by First Appearance Date or
Last Appearance Date.
•Click on Graph
Speciation
Stratigraphic Range
Graph Results
Stratigraphic Range for Bryozoans, sorted by First Appearance Datum (FAD).
Note the time interval is now on the Y axis.
Speciation
Creating a Period Graph
The Period Graph plots all
genera in the Sepkoski
Database within a particular
time period by Phylum or Class.
Speciation
Create a Period Graph
•Select the desired time
period.
•Select to graph at Phylum
level or Class level.
•Select Graph.
Speciation
Period Graph results
Number of genera, by Phylum, during the Triassic Period.
Speciation
Period Graph results
Selecting Class Level creates
an interactive bar graph.
Click on a Phylum bar to
bring up a pie chart showing
the distribution of Classes
within that Phylum.
Number of genera, by Phylum, during the Triassic Period.
Speciation
Graphing the Sepkoski Curve
The Sepkoski Curve illustrates the diversity,
origination, or extinction of sets of Evolutionary
Fauna defined by Sepkoski. Select to display them
by relative or absolute time periods.
Sepkoski Curve Evolutionary Fauna
Cambrian
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Polychaeta
Hyolitha
Orthothecimorpha
Hyolithomorpha
Tergomya
Heliconelloida
Trilobita
“Inarticulata”
Eocrinoidea
“Hyolithida” indet.
Paleozoic
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Anthozoa
Cephalopoda
Ostracoda
Stenolaemata
"Articulata"
Asteroidea
Crinoidea
Blastoidea
Modern
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Demospongia
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Malacostraca
Gymnolaemata
Echinoidea
Chondrichthyes
Osteichtheyes
Speciation
Create a Sepkoski Curve Graph
•Select the Sepkoski
Curve
•Select to graph
Diversity, Origination, or
Extinction
•Select a relative or
absolute time interval
•Select Graph.
Speciation
Sepkoski Curve Graph Results
Sepkoski Curve: number of genera by Period. Note that totals are stacked. The Cambrian value
equals only the blue area; the Paleozoic only the red, and the Modern value equals only the green
area.
Speciation
FossilPlot Graphs: Review
•Sepkoski Database of 36,000 fossil marine genera
•Four types of graphs
•Two types for selected genera
•Diversity, Origination, Extinction
•Stratigraphic range
•Two types of graphs for all genera
•Period Graph for all genera
•Sepkoski Curve of predefined Evolutionary Fauna
•Graphs visually represent information about, and relationships
between, fossil marine genera